Biology - 2008 Mid Term Pmhs

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Cell Theory

Back 1

A concept of biology: All living things are composed of cells
2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
3) New cells are produced from existing cells

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Nucleus

Back 2

A large membrance structure that contains the cells genetic material in the form of DNA.

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Eukaryotes

Back 3

Cells that contain nuclei. Genetic material is in nucleus. plants, fungi, animals

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Prokaryotes

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Cells that do not contain nuclei. Less complication than eukaryotes. Bacteria

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Organells

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Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

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Cytoplasm

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The portion of the cell outside the nucleus

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Nuclear envelope

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Layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

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Nucleus

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contains nearly all the cell's DNA. In both plants and animals.

Hint 8

Brain of Cell

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Chromatin

Back 9

DNA bounded to protein

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Chromosomes

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Distinct, threadlike structures contain the genetic informaiton that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.

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Nucleolus

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Small, dense region found in the nuclei. Where the ribosomes begin.

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Ribosomes

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small proteins of RNA an dproetin foudn throughout the cytoplasm.

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Endoplasmic Reticulom

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The site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled along with proteins and other materails that are exported from the cell.

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Golgi apparatus

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Function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secreation outside the cell.

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Lysosome

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Small, organelles filled with enzymes.

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Vacuoles

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A saclike strucutre in cells that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

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Mitochondria

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Organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds tha tare more convenient for the cell to use.

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Chloroplasts

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Organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.

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Cytoskeleton

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A network of protein filaments tha ehlps the cell to maintain its shpae. The cytoskeleton is also involved in movement.

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Centrioles

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Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell divisions

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Cell membrane

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All cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible barrier.

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Cell wall

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A strong supporting laryer around the membrane

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Lipid bilaryer

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The double layered sheet comprising the cell membrane. Cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support.

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Concentration

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The concentration of a solution is the mass of solute in a given volue of solution or mass/volume

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Diffusion

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Particles moving from an area where they are more concetrated to an area where they are less ocncentrated

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Equilibrium

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When the concentration of the solute is the same thorughout a system

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Osmosis

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Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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Isotonic

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When the concentrations of two solutions are the same

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Hypertonic

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When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes is hypertonic.

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Hypotonic

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When comparing two solutions, the solution with the weaker concnetration

Front 31

Facilitated diffusion

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Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

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Active Transport

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The movement of cells against a concentration difference.

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Endocytosis

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Process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets of the cell membrane.

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Phagocytosis

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Means "cell eating" Cytoplasm surrounds a particle and takes it into the cell

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Pinocytosis

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Process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment

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Exocytosis

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Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

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Cell specialization

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Cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perfom different tasks

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Tissue

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A group of similar cells that performa particular function

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Organ

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Many groups of tissues work together as an organ.

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Organ system

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A group of organs that work together to perform a specific funtion.