Biology 20: Human Systems Part A

Front 1

hydrolysis

Back 1

When a molecule is added to break bonds (to cut or break apart).

Front 2

mucus

Back 2

A slippery secretion produced by and covering _______ membranes. Lines the stomach to prtect it against acids.

Front 3

egestion

Back 3

The discharging of undigested or waste material from a cell or organism, specifically: defecation.

Front 4

secretin

Back 4

A hormone released from the duodenum, that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions.

Front 5

large intestine

Back 5

Also called the colon or the large bowel, the last part of the digestive system in vertebrates.

Front 6

esophagus

Back 6

The long tube that connect the throat to the stomach.

Front 7

rectum

Back 7

The final section of the large intestine, terminating the anus.

Front 8

anus

Back 8

Controls the expulsion of feces.

Front 9

colon

Back 9

The largest segment of the large intestine, where water reabsorption occurs.

Front 10

HCl

Back 10

Hydrochloric acid, a component of gastric acid, which is released by the stomach.

Front 11

gastrin

Back 11

A peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid.

Front 12

pepsinogen

Back 12

An enzyme that is released by the stomach walls, that is activated by hydrochloric acid. A zymogen of pepsin.

Front 13

bile

Back 13

A dark green to yellowish brown fluid that is created by the liver that aids the digestions of fat in the small intestine.

Front 14

capillary

Back 14

A blood vessel that connect arteries and veins; the site of fluid and gas exchange.

Front 15

lacteal

Back 15

A small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system.

Front 16

amylase

Back 16

An enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates.

Front 17

bolus

Back 17

A small rounded mass of a substance, especially of chewed food at the moment of swallowing.

Front 18

salivary glands

Back 18

Glands with ducts that produce saliva and secrete amylase.

Front 19

microvilli

Back 19

Microscopic, fingerlike projections of the cell membrane.

Front 20

gallbladder

Back 20

The small sac-shaped organ beneath the liver, in which bile is stored after secretion by the liver and before release into the intestine.

Front 21

ulcer

Back 21

A lesion on the surface of an organ.

Front 22

larynx

Back 22

The voice box.

Front 23

sphincter

Back 23

A constrictor muscle that regulares the opening and closing of a tube-like structure.

Front 24

stomach

Back 24

The internal organ in which the major part of the digestion of food occurs, being a pear-shaped enlargement of the ailmentary canal linking the esophagus to the small intestine.

Front 25

small intestine

Back 25

The part of the intestine that runs between the stomach and the large intestine; the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum collectively.

Front 26

pepsin

Back 26

A protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach.

Front 27

peristalsis

Back 27

Rhythmic, wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract.

Front 28

precursor activity

Back 28

The activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substrate.

Front 29

competitive inhibitors

Back 29

A molecule with a shape complementary to a specific enzyme that competes with the substrates for access to the active site of the enzyme and block chemical reactions.

Front 30

polysaccharides

Back 30

Made of many sugar units, (poly=many) same examples are starch, glycogen, amylose, and cellulose.

Front 31

disaccharides

Back 31

Also called "Double Sugars," and are made of 2 sugar unites, (di=2) and some examples are sucrose, lactose, maltose, etc.

Front 32

monosaccharides

Back 32

Also called "Simple Sugars," and are made of one sugar unit, (mono=1) some examples are glucose, fructose, galactose, etc.

Front 33

extensor

Back 33

The muscle that must contract to straighten a joint.

Front 34

flexor

Back 34

The muscle that must contract to bend a joint.

Front 35

summation

Back 35

Increased muscle contraction produced by the accumulation of nuerotransmitters from two or more nuerons.

Front 36

tetanus

Back 36

The state of constant muscle contractions, caused by sustained nerve impulses.

Front 37

z line

Back 37

The border that seperate and link sarcomeres within a skeletal muscle.

Front 38

i band

Back 38

The band within a striated myofibril.

Front 39

a band

Back 39

The dark-staining zone of a sarcomere.

Front 40

sarcomere

Back 40

Basic unit of striated muscle tissue.

Front 41

tendon

Back 41

A band of connective tissue the joins muscle to bone.

Front 42

sarcolemma

Back 42

The delicate sheath that surrounds muscle fibres.

Front 43

actin

Back 43

The thin myofilament.

Front 44

myosin

Back 44

The thick myofilament.

Front 45

myofilaments

Back 45

A thread of contractile proteins found within muscle fibres.

Front 46

myofibrils

Back 46

Chains of fibrils in a muscle fibre that the muscle the striated appearance.

Front 47

muscle fibre

Back 47

The fibres that make up a muscle.

Front 48

residual volume

Back 48

The amount of air left in the lungs are forced exhalation.