Bio2 Exam 4 (#1)

Front 1

Similar anatomy (function) suggests similar ___.

Back 1

function (physiology)

Front 2

What is an important example of the relationship between form and function.

Back 2

Surface area to volume ratio (SA/V ratio)

Front 3

SA/V ratio helps explain why nearly all cells are small but it also helps explain what two key things?

Back 3

Why complex organisms need organ systems

& why small-bodied animals have more difficulty maintaining TB than those with large bodies

Front 4

Homeostasis (maintain stable internal environment) can be regulated by animals in 2 ways:

Back 4

Conformers and regulators

Front 5

Describe Conformers (using TB as an example):

Back 5

TB mirrors that of the external environment and need little or no energy to do so.

Front 6

Describe regulators (using TB):

Back 6

Regulators works to maintain TB different than that of the environment and need more energy to do so

Front 7

Can an individual be both conformer and regulator?

Back 7

Yes, and individual might be both a conformer and a regulator with respect to different variables

Ex. maintaining TB vs regulating internal osmolarity

Front 8

No physiological function is constant for very long, which is we we call them what?

What do we call physiological function?

Give an example

Back 8

variables

Ex. blood sugar (glucose) remains fairly steady and predictable in healthy individuals. But after a meal (increase quickly) and if you skip (decrease slightly)

Front 9

What restores glucose to its normal concentration in the blood?

Back 9

homeostatic mechanisms

Front 10

homeostatic control system include 4 major components. What are they (in order)?

Back 10

set point

sensor

integrator

effector

Front 11

(homeostatic control) describe set point:

Back 11

normal value for controlled variable

Front 12

describe sensor (sometimes called receptor):

Back 12

monitors particular variable

Front 13

describe integrator

Back 13

compares signals from the sensor to set point

Front 14

describe effector:

Back 14

compensates for deviations between actual value and set point

Front 15

What is feedback?

Back 15

A fundamental feature of maintaining homeostasis

Front 16

How does feedback affect disturbances?

Back 16

Feedback is a major way that disturbances can be minimized (prevents overcompensation)

Front 17

Feedback can either ___ or ____

Back 17

negative or positive

Front 18

Mechanisms to regulate homeostasis are based on what type of feedback?

Back 18

negative feedback

Front 19

Describe negative feedback and how it differs from positive feedback

Back 19

1. moves variables in the opposite direction

2. relatively common (b/c they control homeostasis)

Front 20

How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?

Back 20

1. Moves variable in the same direction - accelerates a process (creates an explosive system)

2. Less common than negative feedback

Front 21

What is a similarity between negative and positive feedback

Back 21

They both can occur at several levels: organ, cellular, and molecular level.

Front 22

Briefly explain the negative feedback regulation of TB graph (look at page 2 of notes)

Back 22

Front 23

Briefly explain positive feedback labor graph

Back 23

Front 24

What is feedforward regulation?

Back 24

prepares for an upcoming challenge to homeostasis (it is anticipatory-happen in anticipation of something)

Front 25

Does feedforward regulation speed up or down homeostatis responses?

Does it minimize or maximize deviations from set point?

Back 25

speeds up the homeostatic responses and minimizes deviations from set point

Front 26

Feedforward regulation can result from or be modified by what?

Back 26

learning

Front 27

Why was Ivan Pavlov's research important for feedforward regulation?

Back 27

Pavlov demonstrated the relationship between learning and feedforward processes. These processes can be conditioned to an irrelevant stimulus.

Front 28

(Regulation of body temperature)

Thermoregulation is a critical part of maintaining what?

Back 28

homeostasis.

Front 29

Animals are classified according to what? (two parts)

Back 29

1. source of heat: internal or environmental?

2. Extent to which the regulate TB: fluctuating or stable?

Front 30

What is endothermic/ endothermic animal?

Back 30

regulate internal TB and use heat generated by metabolic processes

Front 31

What is ectothermic/ ectothermic animals?

Back 31

Use environment to regulate TB

Front 32

Describe heterothermy:

Back 32

Animal that lets TB fluctuate

Front 33

Describe homeothermy:

Back 33

Don't let TB to fluctuate

Front 34

What are bird's and mammal's source of heat and to what extent do they regulate TB?

Which type quickly adjust mechanisms to keep a stable TB

Back 34

Birds and mammals are endothermic and mostly homeothermic

Front 35

Reptiles must bask in the mornings until they are warm enough to become active. What is their source of heat and to what extent do they regulat TB?

Back 35

ectothermic and usually heterothermic

Front 36

Can all animals be tidily placed within thermoregulation groups?

Back 36

No, examples include hibernating mammals (heterothermic in fall to winter & winter to spring)

Front 37

Behavioral adaptations (for both endotherms and ectotherms) include what? (two parts)

Back 37

1. Changing exposed S.A. - curling into ball, huddling, hunching

2. Changing surroundings to gain or lose heat

Front 38

What are the three disadvantages of endothermy:

Back 38

1. Large amount of foods (throughout the day or night, whenever the endotherm is active) are required to produce sufficient heat by metabolic proccesses

2. risk of overheating (hyperthermia)during intense activity (especially for large-bodied animals)

3. environments are a little restricted because H2O is needed to release body heat via evaporation (panting or sweating)

Front 39

What are the advantages of endothermy?

Back 39

1. the ability to maintain high levels of activity for a relatively long time

2. relatively broad geographic distribution

Front 40

What are 2 disadvantages of ectothermy?

Back 40

1. Limited geographic region

2. Can only maintain high level activity for short period of time

Front 41

What are 3 advantages of ectothermy?

Back 41

1. Can go long period of time without eating

2. Take calories to reproduce, grow, and develop instead of using it for TB

3. Do not rely on water to maintain TB through evaporation

Front 42

In addition to the mechanisms mentioned (endo vs ectothermic) some animals can regulate heat gain or loss by using what?

Back 42

vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and countercurrent heat exchangers

Front 43

Rates of heat gain or loss can be affect by the flow of blood to skin. How does vasodilation and vasoconstriction affect it?

Back 43

Vasodilation increase flow of blood to skin meaning more heat is lost

Vasocontriction decrease the flow of blood to skin meaning less heat is lost

Front 44

Rates of gain or lass can be affected by using countercurrent heat exchange. What type of animals are they found in?

Back 44

bird legs (not all birds) and dolphin fillers

Front 45

How does countercurrent heat exchange work?

Back 45

heat moves from warm arteries to adjacent veins with cooler blood

Front 46

Countercurrent heat exchangers help these animals maintain TB and save energy because...

Back 46

the body core doesn't have to be warmed up

the flippers and feet don't have to be warmed up (not frostbite because their internal temperature approximate those of temperature of the environment