Biology 2 Chapter 22

Front 1

Hepatophyta

Back 1

-liverworts; has rhizoids; occur as either thallose (fleshy lobed leaves) or leafy (three rows of flat, thing leaves attached to a stem); have an oily or shiny surface to reduce evaporation; ancestors of all plants.

Front 2

Bryophyta

Back 2

-mosses (small plants with leafy stems); has leaves that are one cell thick; rhizoids; grow in dense carpets of hundreds of plants; ex: peat mods; absorbs large amounts of water; used as a biofuel.

Front 3

Anthocerophyta

Back 3

-smallest division of non-vascular plants; also called hornworts; sporophyte resembles a horn of an animal; has a single large chloroplast in each cell like algae.

Front 4

Cycadophyta

Back 4

-tropical species; male and female plants. Male cones produce pollen. Female cones produce seeds.
-have motile sperm; not closely related to palm trees which are anthophytes; short, palmlike trees with scaly trunks.

Front 5

Ginkgophyta

Back 5

-separate male and female parts.
Male cones produce pollen in strobilus like cones. Females produce the seeds with an apricot colored coat.
-often planted in urban areas because they can tolerate smog and pollution; only one living species; considered sacred in China and Japan.

Front 6

Gnetophyta

Back 6

-found in deserts or mountains of Asia, Africa, and the Americas; contain only three genera which are all different in structure and adaptations.

-climbing vines

Front 7

Coniferophyta

Back 7

-trees and shrubs with needle or scale like leaves; male and female. Male cones produce pollen. Female cones are larger and produce seeds.
-evergreens; never loses all of its leaves at once; has a heavy coating of cutin; are able to grow where nutrients are scarce; shape of leaf reduces water loss.

-modified epidermis
-semicircular or round leaf shape

Resin ducts - resin is secreted that protects the tree from insects

Recessed stomata - helps retain water in the leaf tissue

A few are deciduous. -lose all their leaves at the same time.
Plants are dormant through this time.

Ex: bald cypress and larches

Front 8

Anthophyta

Back 8

-produce flowers and form seeds in fruit.
A fruit may contain one or more seeds.

Some seeds must travel through the digestive tract before they can sprout. Some seeds are dispersed by wind or water.

Classes:
1. Monocotyledon - have one seed leaf -monocots-
2. Dicotyledon - have two seed leaves -dicots-

The majority of flowering plants are dicots.

Front 9

Lycophyta

Back 9

-club mosses;

Front 10

Psilophyta

Back 10

-whisk ferns; do not have roots or leaves

Front 11

Pterophyta

Back 11

-ferns;

Front 12

Sphenophyta

Back 12

-horsetails; vascular; jointed, ribbed and hollow stems

"scouring rush" - because its filled with silica and early settles used it to scour their cooking utensils