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29 Cards in this Set

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Developed the two-part, or binomial, system of naming species. Created a nested classification system.
Linnaeus (1701-1778)
Helped develop the study of fossils. He advocated for catastrophism. Past events that do not operate today.
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
Suggested that profound change could take place through cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes.
James Hutton (1726-1797
Leading geologist of Darwin's time that incorporated Hutton's thinking into his principle of uniformitarianism (mechanisms of change are constant over time).
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
Proposed theory of evolution (use and disuse; inheritance of acquired characteristics).
Lamark (1744-1829)
Voyage of Beagle
1831
Darwin observed what during his voyage of the Beagle?
adaptations (ex. finches eat at different levels of a tree).
Developed a hypothesis of natural selection similar to Darwin
Wallace (1823-1913). Darwin received his manuscript in 1858
Two main ideas of Origen of Species.
1. descent with modification explains life's unity and diversity
2. Natural selection brings about the match between organisms and their environment.
Four observations by Darwin
1. Members of a population often vary greatly in their traits.
2. Parents pass on traits to offspring.
3. All species are capable of producing more offspring than their environment can support.
4. Owing to lack of food or other resources, many of these offspring do not survive.
Two inferences by Darwin
1. Individuals who have better traits pass them on too more offspring.
2. Unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations.
Proposed much of human suffering comes from the inescapable consequence of the human population's potential to increase faster than food supplies and other resources.
Thomas Malthus
Change over a short amount of time caused by outside sources (i.e. humans)
artificial selection
Key tenants of artificial selection
1. individuals that have certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate.
2. Over time, natural selection can increase the match between organisms and their environment
3. New environment, population may adapt sometimes giving rise to a new species.
Individuals do not evolve, T or F?
T
What are the four types of data listed in the book that document the pattern of evolution?
1. Direct observation of evolution
2. Fossil Record
3. Homology
4. Biogeography
What is direct observation of evolution?
Ex. from John Endler of study of guppy populations in Trinidad. More colorful, more likely to mate. More predation, less color. HIV drug-resistance is another example.
Does a drug create resistant pathogens?
No, it selects for resistance.
Explain the fossil record in support of evolution.
Shows that past organisms differed from present-day organisms and that many species have become extinct. Fossils also show the evolutionary changes that have occurred over time in various groups of organisms (ex. whales and other cetaceans coming from four-legged terrestrial organisms).
Where did early land vertebrates come from and where did early amphibians evolve?
Fish, amphibians, early land vertebrates.
What are examples of homology
1. Homologous structures (forelimbs of all mammals having same arrangement of bones from the should to the tips of the digits even though they have different features (humans, cats, bats). Related species have characteristics with an underlying similarity even though thy have different functions.
2. Vestigial structures (ex. skeleton of some snakes with pelvis and leg bones)
What is an evolutionary tree
Diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.
Hatch mark in evolutionary tree represents
Homologous characteristic shared by all the groups to the right of the mark.
Since mammals are farther away from birds they share less in common
False, the evolutionary tree shows that they share more because they share a common ancestor.
Convergent Evolution
Independent evolution of similar features in different lineages. (ex. Marsupians (sugar glider) and Eutherians (flying squirrel).
What is biogeography?
Geographic distribution of species that aligns with fossil records (ex. horses being originally from North America).
What is endemic?
species of plants and animals found nowhere else in the world
Darwin's thought is fixed in stone, T or F?
False, there are changes ex. short period of time evolution, let's say a couple thousand of years and new forms, not only natural selection.
What every undergraduate should known about evolution?
1. Evolution has changed the way humans view their place in the universe.
2. Evolution is based on scientific notion of inference. Theory language
3. Evolution is continually facing evidence that could potentially shift the paradigm.
4. Increasingly relavant to our lives. Ex. antibiotics.