Biology 1B Final Exam Cards

Front 1

Spirulina

Back 1

a spiral-shaped cyanobacteria that is rich source of protein and carotenoids

Front 2

Archaea

Back 2

lack peptidoglycan in cell walls, ether-linked branched lipids in cell membranes

Front 3

Euryarcheota

Back 3

sub group of Archaea; obligate anaerobes

Front 4

heterotroph

Back 4

organism requires preformed organic materials as food

Front 5

chemoheterotroph

Back 5

organism must obtain both carbon and energy from organic sources

Front 6

photoheterotroph

Back 6

an organism that obtains energy from light but must obtain its carbon from organic sources

Front 7

autotroph

Back 7

an organisms that lives exclusively on inorganic materials, water and some energy source such as sunlight

Front 8

chemoautotroph

Back 8

an organism that uses CO2 as a carbon source and obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic sources from the environment

Front 9

photoautotroph

Back 9

an organism that obtains energy from light and carbon from CO2

Front 10

saprobe

Back 10

organism contains carbon and energy from dead organic matter

Front 11

parasite

Back 11

organism that infects a living organism and consumes parts of the organism

Front 12

Dinoflagellates

Back 12

some are bioluminescent while others, caused red tides and produce toxins that accumulate in shellfish that if eat, can poison humans

Front 13

Physarum

Back 13

plasmodium slime mold

Front 14

Chlorophyta

Back 14

green algae

Front 15

Chondrus crispus

Back 15

Irish moss

Front 16

Porphyra

Back 16

nori

Front 17

polyploidy (plants section)

Back 17

chromosome alteration in which the organism posses more than two complete sets of chromosomes

Front 18

dikaryotic (n + n)

Back 18

cells in certain types of fungi (basdiomycetes) with two separate haploid nuclei per cell

Front 19

Alternation of generations

Back 19

multicellular haploid and diploid phases that alternate in sexual life cycles

Front 20

Syngamy

Back 20

two gametes fuse

Front 21

Chlamydomonas

Back 21

life cycle with both haploid and diploid unicellular phases and DOES NOT represent alternation of generations; unicellular green algae

Front 22

isomorphic alternation of generations

Back 22

haploid and diploid generations look similar morphologically (ex. ulva)

Front 23

heteromorphic alternation of generations with dominant haploid gametophyte

Back 23

bryophytes (small sporophyte is dependent on larger gametophyte)

Front 24

heteromorphic alternation of generations with dominant diploid sporophyte

Back 24

mature haploid gametophyte not dependent on dominant mature sporophyte (Laminaria, pteridophytes, brown algae kelp)

Front 25

heteromorphic alternation of generations with dominant diploid sporophyte (non-independent gametophyte)

Back 25

very reduced, tiny, short-lived haploid gametophyte dependent on sporophyte (gymnosperms, angiosperms)

Front 26

Slime molds

Back 26

Physarum is a slime mold in the lab that demonstrates protoplasmic streaming under the microscope

Front 27

Saprolgenia

Back 27

fly fungus; water mold; aquatic saprobe that is NOT photosynthetic

Front 28

brown algae

Back 28

contains chlorophyll A and C

Front 29

red algae (Rhodophyta)

Back 29

contains chlorophyll A and phycobilins, phycoerythrin and phycocyanin

Front 30

agar

Back 30

food stabilizer and emulsifer

Front 31

carageenan

Back 31

extracted from red algae, Irish "moss" and is used as a food stabilizer

Front 32

Nori

Back 32

from red algae porphyra

Front 33

dulse

Back 33

edible red algae

Front 34

green algae (Chlorophyta)

Back 34

probable precusor to vascular land plants; contains chlorophylls A and B

Front 35

Spirogrya

Back 35

microscopic filamentous green algae common in cool ponds; single spiral chloroplast in each cell

Front 36

volvox

Back 36

microscopic colonial green algae; each colony is motile

Front 37

Chlamydomonas

Back 37

unicellular green algae; can form dense algal blooms on high altitude snow fields called "watermelon snow"; no alternation of generations

Front 38

ulva lactuca

Back 38

sea lettuce; demonstrates isomorphic alternation of generations

Front 39

Fungi

Back 39

chitin in cell walls of fungi and in exoskeletons of invertebrates; flagella, store carbon by synthesizing glycogn, absorb nutrients from dead/living organisms

Front 40

plants

Back 40

cellulose in cell walls, store carbon by synthesizing starch, photosynthesis

Front 41

multicellular mycelia

Back 41

mushrooms; composed of filaments known as hyphae

Front 42

single-celled yeasts

Back 42

baker's yeast, candida albicans

Front 43

hyphae

Back 43

long narrow tubular filaments optimizes surface area to volume ratio which enhances absorption

Front 44

extracellular digestion by saprophytic fungi

Back 44

fungi secrete digestive enzymes outside of their hyphae that breakdwon cellulose, starch, lignin, proteins, and RNA into smaller compounds such as sugars, amino acids, and nucleic acids

Front 45

Lignin degradation

Back 45

hyphae excrete lignin peroxidase into extracellular environment

Front 46

mychorrihizae

Back 46

common association between fungi and land plant roots; fungi make nitrogen and phosphorous available to plants and receive sugar and carbon sources from plant in exchange

Front 47

ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF)

Back 47

dense network of hyphae around roots, basidiomycetes from this type of association; found in almost all tree species in temperate and boreal forests; short growing season in temperate areas

Front 48

Arbuscular mychorrhizal fungi (AMF)

Back 48

grow in cells of root tissue, found in 80% of plant species, glomeromycetes fungi, supplies plants with phosphorous; found in grasslands and forests in warm and tropical habitats where growing season is long

Front 49

Chytridiomycota

Back 49

only aquatic fungi group, causes infection in mountain yellow-legged frogs in Sierra Nevada mountains of CA

Front 50

Zygomycota

Back 50

most live in soil; zygote with tough outer seed coat, some have mutualistic AMF relationships

Front 51

Rhizopus stolonifer

Back 51

Zygomycota that lives on bread

Front 52

Glomerulomycota

Back 52

all form distinct types of endomycorrhizae called AMF; tips of hyphae push into plant root cells and branch into treelike structures called arbuscules

Front 53

Ascomycota

Back 53

sac fungi; some are microscopic yeast

Front 54

Basidiomycota

Back 54

club-fungi, club-like spore forming structures

Front 55

plasmogamy

Back 55

hyphae from different mating types fuse and mix their cytoplasm

Front 56

dikaryotic hyphae

Back 56

each cell produced after initial fusion contains a haploid nucleus from each plant

Front 57

Basidia

Back 57

specialized club-like cells form on hyphae tips

Front 58

candida albicans

Back 58

cutaneous, mucocutaneous, systemic

Front 59

how can fungi produce disease in humans?

Back 59

1. invade keratinous skin structures. 2. subcutaneous
3. nasal mucosa site of initial mycotic infection
4. systemic mycoses acquired by spore inhalation

Front 60

Coccidiodomycosis

Back 60

Valley Fever

Front 61

Adaptations to life on land

Back 61

apical meristems of shoots and roots; cuticle, stomata, pigments that protect against UV radiation, optimize photosynthesis

Front 62

cuticle

Back 62

waxy covering that retards desiccation

Front 63

archegonia

Back 63

gametangia that encloses egg

Front 64

antheridia

Back 64

encloses sperm

Front 65

vascular tissue

Back 65

enable transport of water against gravity from tissues in contact with wet soil to tissues in contact with air

Front 66

hydroids

Back 66

tiny channels through which water travels in mosses

Front 67

tracheids

Back 67

specialized conducting cells in pteridophytes and gymnosperms

Front 68

vessels

Back 68

specialized conducting cells in angiosperms

Front 69

lignin

Back 69

strengthens cell walls of vascular conducting xylem and provides rigid structural support

Front 70

Liverworts (Marchantia)

Back 70

flat thallus with dichotomous branching

Front 71

Mosses

Back 71

hydroids (primitive vascular tissue), green leaf bearing structure is the gametophyte

Front 72

sphagnum moss

Back 72

common name is peat moss; exists mostly in wetland bogs and northern latitudes -> used to treat diaper rashes, athletes foot and to dress wounds

Front 73

peat

Back 73

partially decomposed plant material resulting from rapidly growing upper layers of Spagnum moss that compress deeper lying layers

Front 74

pteridophytes

Back 74

ferns or seedless tracheophytes; sporophytes much larger than gametophytes

Front 75

tracheophytes

Back 75

contains tracheids which are principal water conducting element of the xylem (water and mineral transport, rigid structural support)

Front 76

Lycophyta

Back 76

lycopodium (club moss), Selaginella (spike moss), Isoetes (quillwort)

Front 77

Equistem

Back 77

simple leaves in whorl used to scour pans and as diuretic

Front 78

sori

Back 78

clusters of sporangia under leaf surface

Front 79

frond

Back 79

fern leaf

Front 80

crozier/fiddlehead

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developing frond

Front 81

sporophyll

Back 81

frong that produces spores

Front 82

sporangia

Back 82

spore producing structures that are often aggregated under the leaf into patches called sori

Front 83

homosporous

Back 83

terrestrial pteridophytes

Front 84

heterosporous

Back 84

aquatic ferns (ex. azolla nad marsilea), gymnosperms and angiosperms

Front 85

homospory

Back 85

plants in which sporophyte produce a single type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte with male and female organs

Front 86

heterospory

Back 86

plants in which sporophyte produces two kinds of spores from separate male and female sporangia that develop into unisexual female/male gametophytes

Front 87

azolla

Back 87

floating water fern with a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria

Front 88

gymnosperm adaptations

Back 88

tiny pollen that is mainly transmitted by wind or animals, seed development

Front 89

seed

Back 89

structure that encloses and protects the embryo

Front 90

Cycadophyta

Back 90

most primitive living seed plant

Front 91

Ginkgophyta

Back 91

ginkgo biloba is the only species in this group, male and female unisexual trees with unisexual cones

Front 92

Gnetophytes

Back 92

only gymnosperm group that contains vessels in their xylem

Front 93

Pacific yew

Back 93

fleshy female seed cones; leaves and bark are sources of anti-cancer drug taxol

Front 94

megasporophylls

Back 94

a leaf bearing a megasporangium

Front 95

microphyle

Back 95

small pore in the integument that faces the central axis of the cone

Front 96

ovule

Back 96

integument and its contents (megasporangium, megagametophyte, and/or egg)

Front 97

gymnosperm seed

Back 97

seed typically contains a 2N diploid embryo which is nourished by the remains of the 1N haploid megagametophyte and develops within the confines of the 2N diploid seed coat; embryo consists of a single axis with root and shoot apical meristems and several cotyledons at time of seed dispersal

Front 98

Endosperm

Back 98

triploid 3N tissue in an angiosperm seed

Front 99

ANITA grade

Back 99

monocolpate pollen grains with single, long grooved aperture; some lack vessels or have primitive vessels

Front 100

Magnoliid complex

Back 100

monophyletic, many petals usually arranged spirally or in whorls of three; filament is poorly differentiated from anther

Front 101

monocots

Back 101

monocolpate pollen, one cotyledon in embryo, first root in cotyledon is short-lived, stems with scattered vascular bundles and no secondary growth, parallel leaf venation, fibrous root system, floral parts in multiples of three

Front 102

eudicots

Back 102

tricolpate pollen, two cotyledons in embryo, leaf venation is reticulate or net-like, stems with vascular bundles in circular pattern with secondary growth, first root of dicot embryo is long-lived and develops into taproot system, floral parts usually in multipes of 4's or 5's, often have radial symmetry, some eudicots have many petals

Front 103

ANITA grade

Back 103

earliest basal angiosperms, not monocot or eudicot; have four nucleate female gametophytes and DIPLOID endosperms

Front 104

cotyledon

Back 104

small leaf of plant embryo that stores nutrients and can be photosynthetic

Front 105

pedicel

Back 105

stalk of flower

Front 106

recepticle

Back 106

portion of pedicel to which floral parts are attached

Front 107

perianth

Back 107

collectively made up of sepals and petals

Front 108

sepals (collectively the calyx)

Back 108

outer and lowest on axis, usually green

Front 109

petals (collectively the corolla)

Back 109

often large and colorful to attract pollinators; non-bright green colors

Front 110

filament

Back 110

supporting stalk

Front 111

stamens

Back 111

consists of filament, four chambered anther (microsporangium equivalent)

Front 112

carpels

Back 112

female (inner and higher on axis)

Front 113

tapetum

Back 113

layer of cells that supplies nutrients to developing pollen grains

Front 114

generative cell

Back 114

goes through mitotic division to produce two sperms formed within the mature megagametophyte

Front 115

vegetative cell

Back 115

develops hard protective coat in pollen grain and forms a pollen tube when the pollen grain germinates within the three celled microgametophyte

Front 116

Brassinosteroid hormones

Back 116

supports elongation of pollen tubes

Front 117

carpels

Back 117

megasporophylls/female structures collectively called the gynoecium or pistil, most apical of four floral structures on floral axis, may be one or more carpels per flower and may be separate or fused

Front 118

stigma

Back 118

top sticky part that recieves the pollen

Front 119

style

Back 119

pollen tube grows down through style

Front 120

ovary

Back 120

bottom part of the carpel which contains ovules that develop into seeds

Front 121

ovule

Back 121

where meiosis occurs and the female gametophyte is produced

Front 122

placenta

Back 122

portion of ovary to which the ovules are attached

Front 123

multicellular female gametophyte (angiosperms)

Back 123

consists of 7 cells with 8 nuclei

Front 124

complete flowers

Back 124

contain all four kinds of appendages

Front 125

incomplete flowers

Back 125

lack one or more types of appendages

Front 126

perfect flowers

Back 126

bisexual, hermaphroditic (have both functional stamens and carpels)

Front 127

imperfect flowers

Back 127

unisexual, missing either stamens or carpels

Front 128

monoecious plants

Back 128

contain both male and female unisexual flowers on the same plant

Front 129

dioecious

Back 129

contain male and female unisexual flowers on separate plants

Front 130

Structures that reward polinators (4)

Back 130

sugar rich nectar, protein rich pollen grains, site for reproduction for the pollinator, shelter for polinator

Front 131

Things that attract pollinators to flower

Back 131

colorful petals or other flower appendages, fragrance, shape/structure of flower, nectar guides

Front 132

red petals

Back 132

attracts birds

Front 133

white petals

Back 133

attracts moths and bats

Front 134

nectar guides

Back 134

color and shape patterns on the flower that orient the pollinator to the nectar in the flower

Front 135

mimickry/pseudocopulation

Back 135

some flowers use mimickry to look and smell like females of certain insect species and the male insect attempts to copulate on the flower

Front 136

inflorescence

Back 136

many flowers clustered together are more visible and fragrant

Front 137

panicle

Back 137

main axis has branches with flowers on branches

Front 138

raceme

Back 138

single main axis stalk with flowers attached along stalk

Front 139

umbel

Back 139

all flower stalks come from one point

Front 140

ray flowers

Back 140

the yellow flowers of the sunflower

Front 141

disc flowers

Back 141

the central disc shaped flowers in the middle of the sunflower from which the sunflower seeds/fruits develop

Front 142

methods to prevent self-fertilization

Back 142

stamens/stigmas at different heights on same flower or mature at different times, dioecious, self-incompatibility

Front 143

angiosperm ovule

Back 143

structure that contains the gametophytes and within the gametophyte, an egg (ovum)

Front 144

funiculus

Back 144

stalk that attaches angiosperm ovules to the placenta

Front 145

double ferilization

Back 145

one sperm nucleus unites with egg to form zygote, other sperm fuses with two polar nuclei to form endosperm (triploid/3N)

Front 146

integument

Back 146

outer layer of tissue in ovule which becomes seed coat

Front 147

carpel

Back 147

becomes pericarp fruit tissue that encloses the seed

Front 148

terminal cell

Back 148

cell mass (precusor to embryo development)

Front 149

basal cell

Back 149

suspensor (a row of single cells which provide nutrient transfer from parent to embryo

Front 150

procambium meristems

Back 150

vascular tissue of stems and roots

Front 151

ground meristems

Back 151

ground tissue

Front 152

protoderm meristems

Back 152

epidermis of stems and roots

Front 153

epicotyl

Back 153

portion of embryonic axis above attachment of cotyledons

Front 154

plumule

Back 154

top of epicotyl consisting of shoot tip with a pair of miniature leaves

Front 155

hypocotyl

Back 155

portion of embryonic axis below attachment of coyledons (seed stem)

Front 156

radicle

Back 156

seed root; terminal part of hypocotyls

Front 157

cotyledons (eudicot)

Back 157

seed leaves that absorb nutrients from the endosperm before the seed reaches maturity (euidcots only)

Front 158

scutellum

Back 158

single cotyledon

Front 159

shoot

Back 159

portion of embryonic axis above attachment of cotyledon

Front 160

plumule

Back 160

shoot tip with miniature leaf

Front 161

coleoptile

Back 161

sheath that covers young shoot

Front 162

hypocotyl

Back 162

portion of embryonic axis below attachment of cotyledons

Front 163

radicle

Back 163

seed root; terminal part of hypocotyls

Front 164

coleorhiza

Back 164

sheath that covers the young root

Front 165

fruit tissue

Back 165

ovary develops into the fruit tissue which may be soft or HARD

Front 166

components of seed

Back 166

embryo, endosperm and integuments of the ovule develop into mature seed and become surrounded by a tough seed coat; ovary enlarges around ovules/seed to form pericarp

Front 167

fruit

Back 167

pericarp with enclosed seeds

Front 168

ethylene

Back 168

plant hormone that promotes fruit ripening, leaf abscission, senescence and inhibits stem elongation and gravitropism

Front 169

simple fruit

Back 169

form from single carpel in one flower or multiple fused carpels from the same flower

Front 170

aggregate fruits

Back 170

groups of simple fruits that form separate carpels on one flower

Front 171

multiple fruits

Back 171

formed from the fusion of ovaries of mutltiple different flowers on an inflorescence

Front 172

accessory fruits

Back 172

derived from parts in addition to carpels and seed

Front 173

germination

Back 173

begins with the uptake of water by the seed which activates enzymes that breakdown stored nutrients; when radicle emerges from the seed and begins to push into ground, germination is complete

Front 174

gibberellic acid

Back 174

promotes seed elongation, bud elongation, stem elongation, flowers and fruiting

Front 175

abscisic acid

Back 175

inhibits growth and stem elongation, supports seed dormancy, inhibits seed germination, closure of stomata in response to water stress

Front 176

axillary buds

Back 176

produce lateral shoots or branches with own meristems at tips

Front 177

shoot

Back 177

terminal bud with apical meristems

Front 178

lateral buds

Back 178

axillary buds

Front 179

node

Back 179

site of lateral buds on shoot

Front 180

internode

Back 180

distance btw. two nodes

Front 181

auxin

Back 181

apical domiance by supporting activity of apical meristems, promotes phototropism, gravitropism, and stem/cell elongation

Front 182

brassinosteroids

Back 182

support elongation of pollen tubes, stem, xylem, inhibits leaf abscission

Front 183

cytokinins

Back 183

promote cell division, lateral bud outgrowth; inhibits leaf senescence and abscission

Front 184

petiole

Back 184

leaf stalk

Front 185

leaf abscission

Back 185

causes leaf to fall off

Front 186

tendrils

Back 186

modified leaf structures that wrap around adjacent stems and other structures

Front 187

spines

Back 187

modified leaves on cacti

Front 188

bracts

Back 188

some plants have colorful modified leaves around flowers that serve to attract pollinators

Front 189

cuticle

Back 189

matrix of cross-linked lipid molecules impregnated with extremely long-chained lipids functions as a protective layer around the outside of the leaf

Front 190

stoma

Back 190

guard cells and pores

Front 191

guard cells

Back 191

pair of bean shaped cells

Front 192

pore

Back 192

opening between guard cells

Front 193

flavonoid pigment

Back 193

absorbs UV light

Front 194

parenchyma cells

Back 194

most common type of cell in plants; thin walled cell found in leaves, centers of stems and roots, and in fruits, full of chloroplasts

Front 195

collencyhma cells

Back 195

thickened cell walls, serves to stiffen leaves and stems and support to growing plant parts, found in strands along leaf veins and stalks

Front 196

sclerenchyma cells

Back 196

thick walled type of plant that provides support and often contains lignin

Front 197

fiber cells

Back 197

lignified cell type; slender, tapered sclerenchyma cells that occur in bundles, function in mechanical support and reinforces the xylem

Front 198

ground tissue

Back 198

plant tissue insides the epidermis except for vascular tissue and can consist of the parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells

Front 199

cortex

Back 199

ground tissue inside epidermis that extends to concentric rings of vascular bundle

Front 200

pith

Back 200

central portion of stem made of ground tissue that is typically parenchyma cells

Front 201

rhizomes

Back 201

underground stem that prodcues vertical above ground shoots from its axillary buds

Front 202

stolons

Back 202

horizontal above ground shoots (runners) that grow along the surface of the ground and can result in asexual reproduction

Front 203

tubers

Back 203

enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for food storage

Front 204

phloem

Back 204

transports sugars

Front 205

xylem

Back 205

transports water and minerals

Front 206

casparian strip

Back 206

suberin waterproof seal, regulates fluid and ion transport to vascular tisues

Front 207

pericycle

Back 207

layer just inside endodermis, one or more layers of undifferentiated cells, tissue from which lateral roots arise and contributes to secondary growth

Front 208

prop roots

Back 208

aerial above grund roots that support tall, top heavy plants

Front 209

storage roots

Back 209

plants that store food and water in their roots

Front 210

pneumatophores

Back 210

air roots; roots project above water surface enabling them to obtain oxygen (swampy areas)

Front 211

buttress roots

Back 211

aerial roots that support the tall trunks of certain tropical trees

Front 212

secondary growth

Back 212

increases width of stem or trunk, new cells originate from vascular cambium

Front 213

cork cambium meristems

Back 213

secondary tissue for cork and bark production

Front 214

bark

Back 214

tissue outside of vascular cambium and made up of secondary phloem and cork

Front 215

sieve tube member

Back 215

elongated food conducting plant cells with clusters or pores at both ends allowing sap to flow to adjacent cells

Front 216

sieve tubes

Back 216

transport sugar as main function

Front 217

companion cells

Back 217

specialized cells found adjacent to sieve tube member

Front 218

tracheid cells

Back 218

elongated water conducting cell has gaps in its cell wall to allow water movement from one cell to the next

Front 219

vessel cell element

Back 219

elongated water conducting cell with gaps in the cell wall at both ends

Front 220

vessels

Back 220

vessel cells arranged end to end (gnetophytes and angiosperms)

Front 221

rays

Back 221

thin walled cells originating in vascular cambium, alive when functional and produced by secondary growth, transverse movement of fluids in tree/stem trunk

Front 222

deduction

Back 222

predicting specific outcomes from general models

Front 223

induction

Back 223

generalizing from specific observations to more general models

Front 224

replicates

Back 224

separate units of study that are treated identically by ecologists in order to assess variability from factors that we didn't manipulate

Front 225

controls

Back 225

unmanipulated units that provide a baseline for comparison, and understanding of how organisms or systems will change over space or time independent of experimental treatments

Front 226

statistics

Back 226

tools for distinguishing signals from noise between treatments are greater than differences within treatments

Front 227

models

Back 227

verbal or mathematical simplifications of reality, intended to capture key processes driving system change over time

Front 228

hypothesis

Back 228

suggested explanations subject to test (falsifiable)

Front 229

reductionist approaches

Back 229

seeking mechanisms, casual responses

Front 230

holistic approaches

Back 230

determining boundaries of the system necessary for understanding and predicting outcomes of ecological interactions in the real world

Front 231

zoom lens ecology

Back 231

focus in for mechanism, zoom out for context and consequences

Front 232

how to deal with ecological complexity

Back 232

seek simplicity and mistrust it

Front 233

ecological forecasting

Back 233

attempts at prediction and useful postdiction

Front 234

adiabatic cooling

Back 234

rising air experiences lower atmospheric pressure, expands in volume, losing temperature

Front 235

dew point

Back 235

temperature to which the air would have to cool (at constant pressure and constant barometric pressure) in order to reach saturation at which the air is holding the max. temperature and pressure. if the air cools below the dew point moisture must be removed from the air which is accomplished by condensation

Front 236

coriolis effect

Back 236

earth is a sphere; if an object moves north, earth beneath moves more slowly so it veers right, if it moves north towards the equator, also goes right. reverse is true in southern hemisphere

Front 237

upweling

Back 237

winds displace ocean water off the west coast of N. and S. America causing upwelling: cold, nutrient rich water pulled up to replace displace surface water

Front 238

mediterranean climate

Back 238

if land warmer than ocean, moisture not dropped -> summer drought; if land cooler than ocean, moisture dropped -> winter rains

Front 239

thermocline

Back 239

stratum of rapid temperature change. can separate oxygenated from hypoxic habitat

Front 240

eutrophic

Back 240

nutrient rich, likely to produce noxious or harmful algal blooms

Front 241

mesotrophic

Back 241

intermediate nutrient concentrations

Front 242

oligotrophic

Back 242

low nutrient concentrations, very clear water

Front 243

downstream

Back 243

concentrative, fluxes of water, sediment, solutes, detritus, and passive organisms

Front 244

upstream and upslope

Back 244

dispersive, backflows of mobile organisms such as salmon

Front 245

confluence nods

Back 245

pulses of enrichment, adjacency of contrasting habitats

Front 246

hyporheic

Back 246

region beneath and lateral to a stream bed, where there is mixing of shallow groundwater and surface water

Front 247

detritus

Back 247

dead organic matter

Front 248

estuary

Back 248

where rivers empty into oceans; fresh water meets salt water (tidal prisms with heavier saltier water underneath)

Front 249

tidal prism

Back 249

wedge of fresh water overlies denser salt water

Front 250

neritic

Back 250

nearshore subtidal

Front 251

plankton

Back 251

passive drifters

Front 252

nekton

Back 252

active swimmers

Front 253

benthos

Back 253

life on substrate or bed of sea, lake, springs or rivers and streams

Front 254

pelagic

Back 254

offshore, beyond continental shelf

Front 255

crown eukaryotes

Back 255

metazoa (animals), fungi, green plants, red algade, alveolates, stramenopiles

Front 256

replicator

Back 256

an entity that passes its structure with high fidelity

Front 257

lineage

Back 257

a sequences of ancestor/descendent replicators

Front 258

interactor

Back 258

an entity that interacts with other entities such that replication is differential evolution by natural selection

Front 259

catastrophism

Back 259

each boundary between sedimentary rock represents a catastrophe

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gradualism

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profound change can take place through the cumulative effect of low but continuous processes

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uniformitarianism

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changes in Earth's surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today

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ontology

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background theories stating what kinds of entities exists, what are their fundamental meanings and relationships

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epistemology

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background theories stating what kinds of empirical operations and methods can be used to discover the underlying ontological entities and relationships

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auxiliary hypothesis

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hypothesis other than the test hypothesis which is assumed to be true and is needed to derive the test implication

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essentialism

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species do not change through time

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rationalism

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a method or a theory "in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive; based more on hypothesis and theories

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empiricism

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emphasizes those aspects of scientific knowledge that are closely related to evidence, especially as discovered in experiments. It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world, rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuition, or revelation.

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inheritance of acquired characteristics

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organisms change physically as they strive to meet the demands of their environment and these changes are then passed on to future generations

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homologous structures

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anatomical, developmental, behavioral, or genetic feature shared between two different organisms because they inherited from a common ancestor (same evolutionary origin)

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ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

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the developmental history of an organism passes through stages that are shared with the embryonic stages of evolutionary ancestors

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vestigial

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occurring in a rudimentary condition as a result of evolutionary reduction from a more elaborated functional character state in ancestor

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malthus

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essay on principle of populations: nature acts to limit population numbers (more offspring are produced than survive)

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natural selection

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those individuals that possess superior physical, behavioral or other attributes are more likely to survive and reproduce than those that are not so well-endowed

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homology

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feature shared by two lineages because of descent from an ancestor that had the feature

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transformation

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a heritable change in a homology along a lineage from a prior state to a posterior state

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divergence

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the splitting of one lineage into two lineages

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reticulation

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the blending of two lineages into one

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monophyly

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all and only descendants of a common ancestor

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Henning Principle

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in a system evolving via descent with modification and splitting of lineages, characters that changed state along a particular lineage can serve to indicate the prior existence of that lineage, even after further splitting occurs

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paraphyletic group

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group excludes some of the descendents of a common ancestor

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ancestral trait

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trait shared by a group of organisms by descent from a common ancestor

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derived trait

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a new trait found among members of a lineage that was not present in ancestors of that lineage

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homologous

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feature that is shared between two organisms by common descent

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analogous

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similar structure and function but different evolutionary origins

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orthologous

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homologous genes that are passed in a straight line from one generation to the next but end up in different gene pools due to speciation (ex. B-hemoglobin)

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paralogous

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found in more than one copy in the genome

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convergent evolution

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the independent evolution of similar features by two or more groups

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taxon

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any named taxonomic group such as the family Felidae or the genus Homo or the species Homo sapiens

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systematics

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study of biological diversity and its evolution

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phylogeny

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"Tree of life": branching relationships among species, showing which species shares its most recent common ancestor with other species

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clade

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a group of organisms that have all evolved from a common ancestor, includes the common ancestor and all of its descendents (synonym for monophyletic group)

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common ancestor

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assuming a single origin of life, then any two taxa have a most recent common ancestor

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node

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a branch point, represents a common ancestor at the time of divergence into two or more lineages

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cladogram

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a graphical depiction of phylogenetic relationships

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phenogram

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a graphical depiction of overall similarity-- often does not give phylogenetic relationships

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sister groups

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two groups with the same immediate common ancestor

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plesiomorphic

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ancestral character sometimes inappropriately termed primitive

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symplesiomorphic

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an ancestral character shared by several species

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apomorphic

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a new derived trait, sometimes inappropriately termed advanced

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synapomorphies

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shared apomorphies (derived) characteristics; to draw a phylogenetic tree, we look for synapomorphies

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autapomorphy

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a derived character state possessed by only one of the taxa under consideration. Demonstrates the uniqueness of taxa, but don't help identify cldes

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outgroup

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among the state of a character found in the members of a monophyletic group, the ancestral character state is the one that is most widely distributed among taxa outside this group. These latter taxa are called outgroups and their features provide valuable information for inferring relationships among the members of the monophyletic group under study

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stem group

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ancestral clade from which a crown group with new derived characteristics has evolved

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crown group

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the group with new derived characteristics coming from a stem group

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terminal taxon

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the basic groups whose relationships are being studied in a particular cladistic analysis

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aptation

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passes tests 1-3

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exaptation

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fails test 4; structure that evolves and functions in one environmental context but performs an additional function when placed in some new environment

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homplasy

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possession by 2 or more species of a similar or identical character state that has not been derived by both species from their common ancestory, embraces convergence and evolutionary reversal

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allometric grwoth

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difference in relative rates of growth of various parts of the body

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heterochrony

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evolutionary changes in the timing or rate of development; can result in the apperance of juvenile characteristics of one species in the adults of another species

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hypermorphosis

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extending development past the ancestral stage

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hox genes

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regulatory genes that affect morphological evolution; control where specific structures are formed

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microevolution

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changes in the gene pool of a population over successive generations