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493 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Photosynthesis? |
Converts solar ( light ) energy into chemical energy!
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Where does Photosynthesis occur? |
Plants, algae, other Protists and some prokaryotes! |
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Photosynthesis directly and indirectly... |
Nourishes the whole world! |
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Autotrophs? |
Producers of the biosphere! |
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Do Autotrophs eat? |
No!
They sustain themselves!
They do not eat other organisms! |
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What do Autotrophs produce? |
Co2 and other organic molecules! |
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Autotrophs example? |
Most plants are autotrophs! |
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How do Autotrophs make organic molecules? |
They use sunlight energy to make organic molecules from h2o and co2! |
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Heterotrophs? |
Consumers of the biosphere! |
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An example of heterotrophs? |
Humans are heterotrophs! |
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How do heterotrophs gain their organic material? |
From other organisms! |
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What do heterotrophs depend on? |
Phototrophs for food and o2! |
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Chloroplasts? |
Likely evolved from bacteria! |
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What are chloroplasts structurally similar to? |
Bacteria! |
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What allows for the chemical reactions of photosynthesis to take place? |
The structural organisation of cells! |
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Where is the main location of photosynthesis? |
Plant leaves! |
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Where do plants get their green colour? |
Chlorophyll! |
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What is chlorophyll? |
The green pigment within chloroplasts! |
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In chloroplasts what drives the synthesis of organic molecules? |
Light energy absorbed by the chlorophyll! |
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How does co2 enter and o2 exit the leaves? |
Through stomata! |
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What is stomata? |
Microscopic pores! |
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Where are chloroplasts mainly found? |
In cells of the mesophyll! |
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What is mesophyll? |
The interior tissue of the leave! |
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How many chloroplasts does a typical mesophyll cell have? |
30/40 |
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Where is the chlorophyll found? |
In the thylakoid membranes! |
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What are thylakoids? |
Connected sacs in the chloroplasts! |
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What are the names of the volume thylakoids may be stacked in? |
Grana! |
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What is stroma? |
A dense fluid chloroplasts contain! |
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Photosynthesis equation? |
6co2 + 12h2o + light energy
=
C6h12o6 + 6o2 + 6h2o |
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What do chloroplasts split o2 into? |
Hydrogen and oxygen! |
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What do chloroplasts incorporate hydrogen electrons into? |
Sugar molecules! |
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What are the two stages of photosynthesis? |
Light reactions and the Calvin cycle! |
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Where do light reactions take place? |
In the thylakoids! |
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Stages of light reactions? |
Split o2 - Release o2 - Reduce NADP+ to NADPH - Generate ATP from ADP by phosphorylation! |
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What is phosphorylation? |
When ATP is generated from ADP! |
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Where does the Calvin cycle take place? |
In the stroma! |
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What does the Calvin cycle form? |
Sugars from co2! |
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What does the Calvin cycle use to form sugars? |
ATP and NADPH! |
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How does the carbon cycle begin? |
Carbon fixation! |
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What occurs during carbon fixation? |
It incorporates co2 into organic molecules! |
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What type of process is photosynthesis? |
Redox process! |
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What happens during this redox process? |
H2o is oxidised forming co2! |
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What are chloroplast factories? |
Solar powered chemical factories! |
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What do the thylakoids of chloroplasts do? |
Form ATP and NADPH from light energy! |
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What is light a form of? |
Electromagnetic energy! |
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What is electromagnetic energy also known as? |
Electromagnetic radiation! |
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How does light travel? |
In rhythmic waves! |
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What is wavelength? |
The distance between the crests of waves! |
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What does the wavelength determine? |
The type of electromagnetic energy! |
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What is the electromagnetic spectrum? |
The entire wave of electromagnetic energy /radiation |
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What does visible light consist of? |
Wavelengths that produce colours we can see! |
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Visible light wavelengths include.. |
Those in photosynthesis! |
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What does light also behave as though it contains? |
Photons! |
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What are photons? |
Discrete particles! |
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Visible light? |
Between 560/600nm
10 power 3nm |
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What are pigments? |
Substances that absorb physical light! |
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Different pigments.. |
Absorb different wavelengths! |
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What happens to wavelengths that are not absorbed? |
They are reflected or transmitted! |
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Why do leaves appear green? |
Because chlorophyll reflects and transmits green light! |
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What does a spectrophotometer measure? |
A pigments ability to absorb different wavelengths! |
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How does a spectrophotometer work? |
Light is sent through pigments
A fraction of light is then transmitted at each wavelength! |
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Galvanometer - high transmittance ... |
Low absorption
Chlorophyll absorbs little green light
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Galvanometer - low transmittance |
High absorption
Chlorophyll absorbs most blue light |
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What is an absorption spectrum? |
A graph which plots light absorption vs wavelength! |
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What does the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a suggest? |
Violet-blue and red light works best for photosynthesis! |
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What is an action spectrum? |
It profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in a driving process! |
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When was the action spectrum first demonstrated? |
In 1883 by Theodor W. Engelmann! |
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What did the experiment do? |
Exposed different segments of a filamentous alga to different wavelengths! |
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What happened to areas favouring photosynthesis? |
They produced excess o2! |
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How did he measure o2 production? |
The growth of aerobic bacteria which was clustered along the alga! |
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What is the main photosynthetic pigment? |
Chlorophyll a! |
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Accessory pigment example? |
Chlorophyll b! |
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What do chlorophyll b do? |
Broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis! |
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What are carotenoids! |
Accessory pigments! |
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What do carotenoids do? |
Absorb accessible light that would damage chlorophyll! |
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What happens when a pigment absorbs light? |
It goes from a ground state to an excited state! |
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An excited state is.. |
Unstable! |
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What happens when an excited state falls back to a ground state? |
Photons are given off! |
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How does fluorescence occur? |
Photons are given off! |
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The head of chlorophyll a is? |
Ch3! |
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The head of chlorophyll b is? |
Cho! |
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What does the hydrocarbon chain do? |
Interacts with hydrophobic regions of proteins.
It occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts! |
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If illuminated what will happen to an isolated solution of chlorophyll? |
Light and heat are given off! |
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What does a photo system consist of? |
A reaction-centre complex! |
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What is a reaction centre complex? |
A type of protein complex! |
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What USA reaction-centre surrounded by? |
Light-harvesting complexes! |
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What are light harvesting complexes? |
Pigment molecules bound to proteins! |
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What do light-harvesting complexes do? |
Funnel the energy of the photons to the reaction centre! |
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What does a primary electron receptor do? |
Accepts an excited electron from chlorophyll a! |
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What is the first step of the light reactions? |
Solar-powered transfer of an electron from chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron receptor! |
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Where is the thylakoid space? |
The interior of the thylakoid! |
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How many types of photo systems are in the thylakoid membrane? |
Two! |
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Photosystems two functions? |
First! |
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Photosystems two absorbs a wavelength of? |
680nm! |
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What is the reaction centre of chlorophyll a of ps2 called? |
P680! |
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Photosystem one can absorb? |
700nm! |
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Photosystem ones reaction centre is called? |
P700! |
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What are the two possible routes for electron flow during light reactions? |
Cyclic and linear! |
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What is the linear electron flow? |
The primary pathway! |
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What does the linear electron flow involve? |
Ps1 and ps2! |
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What is produced in the linear electron flow by ps1 and ps2? |
ATP and NADPH using light energy! |
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How does linear electron transport work? ( ps2 ) |
A photon hits a pigment
It's energy is then passed among pigment molecules
Until it excited p680 |
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Where is the excited electron from p680 passed to? |
The primary electron receptor! |
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What is p680+? |
P680 minus an electron! |
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P680+.. |
Is a very strong oxidising agent! |
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What happens to h20? |
It is split in hydrogen and oxygen! |
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What happens to h2o? |
It is split by enzymes and the electrons are transferred! |
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After h2o splits what happens? |
Electrons are transferred from the hydrogen atoms to p680+ thus reducing it to p680! |
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What is the by product of p680+ to p680? |
O2! |
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Which way does each electron fall? |
From ps2 to ps1 down the electron transport chain! |
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What happens to the energy released? |
It drives the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane! |
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What drives ATP synthesis? |
Diffusion of h+ protons! |
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What does transferred light energy excite in ps1? |
P700! |
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What happens to p700 after it becomes excited? |
It loses an electron to an electron acceptor! |
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What is p700+? |
P700 minus an electron! |
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What does P700 do? |
Accepts an electron passed down from ps2 via the electron transport chain! |
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Where do the electrons go when they fall down the electron transport chain from ps1? |
To the protein ferredoxin! ( fd ) |
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Where do the electrons go when they fall down the electron transport chain from ps1? |
To the protein ferredoxin! ( fd ) |
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Where do the proteins go after reaching the ferredoxin protein? |
NADP+ and reduces to NADPH! |
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Where do the electrons go when they fall down the electron transport chain from ps1? |
To the protein ferredoxin! ( fd ) |
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Where do the proteins go after reaching the ferredoxin protein? |
NADP+ and reduces to NADPH! |
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What happens to the electrons of NADPH? |
They become available for the reactions of the Calvin cycle! |
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Where do the electrons go when they fall down the electron transport chain from ps1? |
To the protein ferredoxin! ( fd ) |
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Where do the proteins go after reaching the ferredoxin protein? |
NADP+ and reduces to NADPH! |
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What happens to the electrons of NADPH? |
They become available for the reactions of the Calvin cycle! |
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What does the cyclic electron flow use? |
Only ps1! |
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Where do the electrons go when they fall down the electron transport chain from ps1? |
To the protein ferredoxin! ( fd ) |
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Where do the proteins go after reaching the ferredoxin protein? |
NADP+ and reduces to NADPH! |
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What happens to the electrons of NADPH? |
They become available for the reactions of the Calvin cycle! |
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What does the cyclic electron flow use? |
Only ps1! |
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What does the cyclic electron flow produce? |
ATP but not NADPH! |
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Where do the electrons go when they fall down the electron transport chain from ps1? |
To the protein ferredoxin! ( fd ) |
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Where do the proteins go after reaching the ferredoxin protein? |
NADP+ and reduces to NADPH! |
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What happens to the electrons of NADPH? |
They become available for the reactions of the Calvin cycle! |
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What does the cyclic electron flow use? |
Only ps1! |
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What does the cyclic electron flow produce? |
ATP but not NADPH! |
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What does the cyclic electron generate surplus of? |
ATP! |
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What does a surplus of ATP satisfy? |
The higher demand in the Calvin cycle! |
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What does a surplus of ATP satisfy? |
The higher demand in the Calvin cycle! |
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What organisms have ps1 but not ps2? |
Purple surfur bacteria! |
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What evolved first the cyclic or linear electron flow? |
Cyclic! |
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What can the cyclic electron flow protect cells from? |
Light damage! |
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How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
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How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
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What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
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How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
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What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
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What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
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How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
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What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
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What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
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What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
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How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
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What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
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What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
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What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
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Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
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How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
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What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
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What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
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What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
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Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
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In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
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How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
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What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
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What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
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What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
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Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
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In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
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What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
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How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
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What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
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What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
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What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
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Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
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In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
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What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
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How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
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How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
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What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
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What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
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What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
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Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
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In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
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What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
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How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
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Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
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How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
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What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
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What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
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What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
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|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
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In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
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What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
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How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
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Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
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What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
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How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
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Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
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What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
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What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
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What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
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|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
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In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
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What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
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How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
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Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
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What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
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How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
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Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
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What do light reactions generate? |
ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from h2o to NADPH! |
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|
What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
|
|
What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
|
|
What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
|
|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
|
|
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
|
|
What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
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How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
|
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Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
|
|
What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
|
|
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
|
|
Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
|
|
What do light reactions generate? |
ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from h2o to NADPH! |
|
|
How is the Calvin cycle similar to the citric acid cycle? |
It regenerates it's starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle! |
|
|
What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
|
|
What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
|
|
What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
|
|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
|
|
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
|
|
What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
|
|
How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
|
|
Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
|
|
What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
|
|
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
|
|
Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
|
|
What do light reactions generate? |
ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from h2o to NADPH! |
|
|
How is the Calvin cycle similar to the citric acid cycle? |
It regenerates it's starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle! |
|
|
How does the Calvin cycle build sugar? |
From small molecules! |
|
|
What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
|
|
What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
|
|
What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
|
|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
|
|
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
|
|
What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
|
|
How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
|
|
Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
|
|
What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
|
|
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
|
|
Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
|
|
What do light reactions generate? |
ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from h2o to NADPH! |
|
|
How is the Calvin cycle similar to the citric acid cycle? |
It regenerates it's starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle! |
|
|
How does the Calvin cycle build sugar? |
From small molecules! |
|
|
What does it use to build these small molecules? |
ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH! |
|
|
What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
|
|
What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
|
|
What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
|
|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
|
|
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
|
|
What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
|
|
How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
|
|
Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
|
|
What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
|
|
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
|
|
Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
|
|
What do light reactions generate? |
ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from h2o to NADPH! |
|
|
How is the Calvin cycle similar to the citric acid cycle? |
It regenerates it's starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle! |
|
|
How does the Calvin cycle build sugar? |
From small molecules! |
|
|
What does it use to build these small molecules? |
ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH! |
|
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What happens when carbon enters the Calvin cycle as co2? |
It leaves as a sugar! |
|
|
What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
|
|
What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
|
|
What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
|
|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
|
|
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
|
|
What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
|
|
How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
|
|
Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
|
|
What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
|
|
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
|
|
Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
|
|
What do light reactions generate? |
ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from h2o to NADPH! |
|
|
How is the Calvin cycle similar to the citric acid cycle? |
It regenerates it's starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle! |
|
|
How does the Calvin cycle build sugar? |
From small molecules! |
|
|
What does it use to build these small molecules? |
ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH! |
|
|
What happens when carbon enters the Calvin cycle as co2? |
It leaves as a sugar! |
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|
What is this sugar called? |
Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate ( g3p ) |
|
|
What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
|
|
What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
|
|
What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
|
|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
|
|
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
|
|
What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
|
|
How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
|
|
Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
|
|
What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
|
|
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
|
|
Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
|
|
What do light reactions generate? |
ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from h2o to NADPH! |
|
|
How is the Calvin cycle similar to the citric acid cycle? |
It regenerates it's starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle! |
|
|
How does the Calvin cycle build sugar? |
From small molecules! |
|
|
What does it use to build these small molecules? |
ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH! |
|
|
What happens when carbon enters the Calvin cycle as co2? |
It leaves as a sugar! |
|
|
What is this sugar called? |
Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate ( g3p ) |
|
|
How many cycles must the Calvin cycle do for one g3p? |
3 ( fixing 3 molecules of co2 ) |
|
|
What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
|
|
What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
|
|
What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
|
|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
|
|
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
|
|
What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
|
|
How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
|
|
Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
|
|
What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
|
|
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
|
|
Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
|
|
What do light reactions generate? |
ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from h2o to NADPH! |
|
|
How is the Calvin cycle similar to the citric acid cycle? |
It regenerates it's starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle! |
|
|
How does the Calvin cycle build sugar? |
From small molecules! |
|
|
What does it use to build these small molecules? |
ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH! |
|
|
What happens when carbon enters the Calvin cycle as co2? |
It leaves as a sugar! |
|
|
What is this sugar called? |
Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate ( g3p ) |
|
|
How many cycles must the Calvin cycle do for one g3p? |
3 ( fixing 3 molecules of co2 ) |
|
|
The Calvin cycle has how many phases? |
3 |
|
|
What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
|
|
What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
|
|
What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
|
|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
|
|
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
|
|
What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
|
|
How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
|
|
Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
|
|
What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
|
|
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
|
|
Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
|
|
What do light reactions generate? |
ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from h2o to NADPH! |
|
|
How is the Calvin cycle similar to the citric acid cycle? |
It regenerates it's starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle! |
|
|
How does the Calvin cycle build sugar? |
From small molecules! |
|
|
What does it use to build these small molecules? |
ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH! |
|
|
What happens when carbon enters the Calvin cycle as co2? |
It leaves as a sugar! |
|
|
What is this sugar called? |
Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate ( g3p ) |
|
|
How many cycles must the Calvin cycle do for one g3p? |
3 ( fixing 3 molecules of co2 ) |
|
|
The Calvin cycle has how many phases? |
3 |
|
|
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle? |
1. Carbon fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration of the co2 acceptor rubp |
|
|
What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
|
|
What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
|
|
What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
|
|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
|
|
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
|
|
What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
|
|
How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
|
|
Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
|
|
What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
|
|
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
|
|
Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
|
|
What do light reactions generate? |
ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from h2o to NADPH! |
|
|
How is the Calvin cycle similar to the citric acid cycle? |
It regenerates it's starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle! |
|
|
How does the Calvin cycle build sugar? |
From small molecules! |
|
|
What does it use to build these small molecules? |
ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH! |
|
|
What happens when carbon enters the Calvin cycle as co2? |
It leaves as a sugar! |
|
|
What is this sugar called? |
Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate ( g3p ) |
|
|
How many cycles must the Calvin cycle do for one g3p? |
3 ( fixing 3 molecules of co2 ) |
|
|
The Calvin cycle has how many phases? |
3 |
|
|
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle? |
1. Carbon fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration of the co2 acceptor rubp |
|
|
What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
|
|
What is carbon fixation catalysed by? |
Rubisco! |
|
|
What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
|
|
What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
|
|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
|
|
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
|
|
What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
|
|
How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
|
|
Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
|
|
What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
|
|
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
|
|
Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
|
|
What do light reactions generate? |
ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from h2o to NADPH! |
|
|
How is the Calvin cycle similar to the citric acid cycle? |
It regenerates it's starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle! |
|
|
How does the Calvin cycle build sugar? |
From small molecules! |
|
|
What does it use to build these small molecules? |
ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH! |
|
|
What happens when carbon enters the Calvin cycle as co2? |
It leaves as a sugar! |
|
|
What is this sugar called? |
Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate ( g3p ) |
|
|
How many cycles must the Calvin cycle do for one g3p? |
3 ( fixing 3 molecules of co2 ) |
|
|
The Calvin cycle has how many phases? |
3 |
|
|
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle? |
1. Carbon fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration of the co2 acceptor rubp |
|
|
What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
|
|
What is carbon fixation catalysed by? |
Rubisco! |
|
|
What can be used to determine the ( c3 ) Calvin cycle? |
14Co2 " Pulse chase " experimental apparatus! |
|
|
What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
|
|
What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
|
|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
|
|
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
|
|
What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
|
|
How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
|
|
Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
|
|
What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
|
|
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
|
|
Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
|
|
What do light reactions generate? |
ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from h2o to NADPH! |
|
|
How is the Calvin cycle similar to the citric acid cycle? |
It regenerates it's starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle! |
|
|
How does the Calvin cycle build sugar? |
From small molecules! |
|
|
What does it use to build these small molecules? |
ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH! |
|
|
What happens when carbon enters the Calvin cycle as co2? |
It leaves as a sugar! |
|
|
What is this sugar called? |
Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate ( g3p ) |
|
|
How many cycles must the Calvin cycle do for one g3p? |
3 ( fixing 3 molecules of co2 ) |
|
|
The Calvin cycle has how many phases? |
3 |
|
|
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle? |
1. Carbon fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration of the co2 acceptor rubp |
|
|
What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
|
|
What is carbon fixation catalysed by? |
Rubisco! |
|
|
What can be used to determine the ( c3 ) Calvin cycle? |
14Co2 " Pulse chase " experimental apparatus! |
|
|
Identification of c14 labelled products? |
5 secs photosynthesis = 2 secs labelling
30 secs photosynthesis = 30 secs labelling |
|
|
What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
|
|
What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
|
|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
|
|
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
|
|
What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
|
|
How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
|
|
Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
|
|
What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
|
|
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP? |
Chemiosmosis! |
|
|
Where are ADP and NADPH produced? |
The side facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place! |
|
|
What do light reactions generate? |
ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from h2o to NADPH! |
|
|
How is the Calvin cycle similar to the citric acid cycle? |
It regenerates it's starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle! |
|
|
How does the Calvin cycle build sugar? |
From small molecules! |
|
|
What does it use to build these small molecules? |
ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH! |
|
|
What happens when carbon enters the Calvin cycle as co2? |
It leaves as a sugar! |
|
|
What is this sugar called? |
Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate ( g3p ) |
|
|
How many cycles must the Calvin cycle do for one g3p? |
3 ( fixing 3 molecules of co2 ) |
|
|
The Calvin cycle has how many phases? |
3 |
|
|
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle? |
1. Carbon fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration of the co2 acceptor rubp |
|
|
What does chemiosmosis use? |
Different sources of energy! |
|
|
What is carbon fixation catalysed by? |
Rubisco! |
|
|
What can be used to determine the ( c3 ) Calvin cycle? |
14Co2 " Pulse chase " experimental apparatus! |
|
|
Identification of c14 labelled products? |
5 secs photosynthesis = 2 secs labelling
30 secs photosynthesis = 30 secs labelling |
|
|
Plant problems? |
Dehydration! |
|
|
What do mitochondria transfer? |
Chemical energy from food to ATP! |
|
|
What do chloroplasts transform light energy into? |
The chemical energy of ATP! |
|
|
Special organisation of chemiosmosis differs between? |
Chloroplasts and mitochondria!
( these may also have similarities ) |
|
|
In mitochondria where are protons pumped to? |
The intermembrane space! |
|
|
What does it drive? |
ATP synthase! |
|
|
How does it drive it? |
They diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix! |
|
|
Where are protons pumped to in chloroplasts? |
The thylakoid space! |
|
|
What does this drive? |
ATP as they diffuse back into the stroma! |
|
|
What happens if a plant becomes dehydrated? |
It requires trade offs with other metabolic processes especially photosynthesis! |
|
|
What may photo respiration be an evolutionary relic? |
As rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had more co2 and less o2! |
|
|
What may photo respiration be an evolutionary relic? |
As rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had more co2 and less o2! |
|
|
What does photorespiration limit? |
Damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
What may photo respiration be an evolutionary relic? |
As rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had more co2 and less o2! |
|
|
What does photorespiration limit? |
Damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
Why is photorespiration a problem in many plants? |
Because on a hot/dry day it can drain as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
What may photo respiration be an evolutionary relic? |
As rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had more co2 and less o2! |
|
|
What does photorespiration limit? |
Damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
Why is photorespiration a problem in many plants? |
Because on a hot/dry day it can drain as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
What grows faster c3 or c4 plants? |
C4 plants! |
|
|
What may photo respiration be an evolutionary relic? |
As rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had more co2 and less o2! |
|
|
What does photorespiration limit? |
Damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
Why is photorespiration a problem in many plants? |
Because on a hot/dry day it can drain as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
What grows faster c3 or c4 plants? |
C4 plants! |
|
|
What do some plants use to fix carbon? |
Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) |
|
|
What may photo respiration be an evolutionary relic? |
As rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had more co2 and less o2! |
|
|
What does photorespiration limit? |
Damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
Why is photorespiration a problem in many plants? |
Because on a hot/dry day it can drain as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
What grows faster c3 or c4 plants? |
C4 plants! |
|
|
What do some plants use to fix carbon? |
Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) |
|
|
How do they do this? |
They open their stomata at night, incorporating co2 into organic acids! |
|
|
What may photo respiration be an evolutionary relic? |
As rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had more co2 and less o2! |
|
|
What does photorespiration limit? |
Damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
Why is photorespiration a problem in many plants? |
Because on a hot/dry day it can drain as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
What grows faster c3 or c4 plants? |
C4 plants! |
|
|
What do some plants use to fix carbon? |
Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) |
|
|
How do they do this? |
They open their stomata at night, incorporating co2 into organic acids! |
|
|
What happens during the day to the stomata? |
They close and co2 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
What may photo respiration be an evolutionary relic? |
As rubisco first evolved at a time when the atmosphere had more co2 and less o2! |
|
|
What does photorespiration limit? |
Damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
Why is photorespiration a problem in many plants? |
Because on a hot/dry day it can drain as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
What grows faster c3 or c4 plants? |
C4 plants! |
|
|
What do some plants use to fix carbon? |
Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) |
|
|
How do they do this? |
They open their stomata at night, incorporating co2 into organic acids! |
|
|
What happens during the day to the stomata? |
They close and co2 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle! |
|
|
What do submerged aquatic macrophytes show? |
CAM photosynthesis! |
|
|
What happens to plants on hot dry days? |
They close their stomata conserving their h2o
This however causes a build up of co2 and reduces photosynthesis! |
|
|
What happens if photosynthesis is reduced? |
The plant heats up! |
|
|
What happens if photosynthesis is reduced? |
The plant heats up! |
|
|
What process do these conditions favour? |
Photorespiration a wasteful process! |
|
|
What happens if photosynthesis is reduced? |
The plant heats up! |
|
|
What process do these conditions favour? |
Photorespiration a wasteful process! |
|
|
What does initial fixation of co2 via rubisco add instead of co2 during photosynthesis? |
O2! |
|
|
What happens if photosynthesis is reduced? |
The plant heats up! |
|
|
What process do these conditions favour? |
Photorespiration a wasteful process! |
|
|
In the Calvin cycle what does rubisco add instead of co2 during photorespiration? |
O2! |
|
|
What does initial fixation of co2 via rubisco form? |
A three carbon compound! |
|
|
What does photorespiration consume? |
O2 and organic fuel! |
|
|
What does photorespiration consume? |
O2 and organic fuel! |
|
|
What does photorespiration release? |
Co2 without producing ATP or sugar! |
