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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Show the balance equation for an exergonic catabolic reaction for the breakdown of sugar
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C6H1206 + 602 ----> 6C02 + 6H20
-686 KCAL/MOL |
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Endergonic process of photosynthesis
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6C02 + 6H20 -->C6H1206 + 602
686 kcal/mol |
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About how many membrane proteins?
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no more than 25
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How much of a cell is made of protein?
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90% of the cell
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What is Kinetics
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How fast things occur
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What are catalysts?
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Compounds that increase the rate of reaction, but are not consume during a reaction
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True or False
All bio catlysts are proteins and these are known as enzyme. |
False, in 2000 we know some RNA can act as catalysts - Ribozymes (T.Czech)
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How do catalysts increase rate of reaction?
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molecules go through the transition state (rotational, vibration).
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Does enzyme change thermodynamic of the process?
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No
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T or F
enzyme can make reaction reversible irreversible vic versa? |
True
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Kinases
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transfer phosphate groups to proteins
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Nucleases
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hydrolyze nucliec acids
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proteases
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hydrolyze proteins
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oxido-recutases
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catalyze oxidation reduction reactions
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dehydrogenases
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catalyze electron transfer H+ transfer reactions
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ATPases
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hydrolyze ATP
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How do enzyme work?
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tend to be specific. If it hydrolyze one thing it probably won't hydrolize another compound
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what is substrate binding site?
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active site
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What happens at active site?
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bond in moelcule are being weakened (stretch twisted) at this transition state.
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T or F
Enzyme cannot be used over and over again? |
False
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T or F
binding substrate and the release product has to be rapid? |
True
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T or F
Binding substrate has to be tightly bound? |
False
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Lock and Key model?
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base on the idea that you have a lock
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Induced fig model
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this is moreflexible.
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What is an important feature of enzyme?
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Very efficient as a catalysts.
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Prosthetic Groups
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organic or inorganic molecules that are attach to enzyme that helps it work
ex. hemoglob. hem is prostehic |
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Vitamins are? And what is its function?
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Co enzymes. modified vitamins inserted into protein into prostehtic groups
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T or F
Trace metals are covalently bound?` |
False they are not. metal ions
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What other group fall in prosthetic group class?
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Trace Metals. Presence as ions. Iron in heme also in non-heme.
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How is Biotin attached to a protein?
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Through a carboxy group.
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What does Biotin do?
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Involve with enzyme that take Cl2 and put it somewhere. bound at the active site of the enzyme.
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What makes metal ions unique?
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Very unusual feature.
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What are two things that can affect enzyme activity?
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Temperature and pH
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Competitive inhibitors
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compete with substrate (where binds at the active site of the enzyme) No or little product formation. But more substrate can overcome this. One way is to increase substrate concentration
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Non-competitive inhibitors
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do not bind at the active site. not affected by increase substrate concentration. Distorts enzyme and thereby decreasing likelihood of substrate binding.
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What cooperativity in enzyme activity?
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multiple substrate binding sites
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Wehre is cooperativity generally located?
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Different subunit of a protein
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Where do Allosteric enzymes bind?
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bind at sites other than active sites
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Allosteric inhibition
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binding of an allosteric inhibitor stabilizes to low affinity form
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Allosteric activation
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binding of this allosteric activator will stabilize enzyme in high affinity form. lots of product.
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T or F
Allosteric is a substrate |
False
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What is allosteric enzyme consist of?
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one or more catalystic subunits (C) and one or more regulartory subunits (R). each with allosteric and active site respectively.
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What is Post-translational modification?
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It occurs during the process of synth of proteins.
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What is translation?
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mRNA is read and the protein is made by putting amnio acid next to each other.
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Glycosylation
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addition of sugar groups in Rough ER. inolve in targeting
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Proteolysis
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Proteolytic cleavage is 2nd method. cleaving the polypeptide allows the fragments to fold into different shapes.
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Phosphlorylation
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additon of phosphate alters shape of protein.
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protein kinase
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adds phosphate
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protein phosphate
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remove phosphate
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What is the general idea of adding phosphate group to inactive protein
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Go from totally inactive. put a phosphate it becomes totally active. Generally all or none. 0-100% activity
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BIG TAKE HOME LESSSON
what makes us different than a chimp? |
Two basic reasons:
1. every cell has the same dna, but not all dna are expressed. 2.assume cells have same protein not all are active |
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Hydrolyzes of ATP releases how much energy?
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-7.3 kcal/mol
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ATP lsoing terminal phophate leaving ADP and pi. what is pi
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inorganic phosphate
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High energy phosphate bond is a misleading term
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true
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When you hydrolyze ADP what do you get?
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forms AMP and pi. free energy is -7.3 kcal/mol b/c it is a phosodiester bond.
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How about hydrolyzing AMP?
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adenonsine and pi. -3.5 kcal/mol b/c phosoester bond.
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NAD+ and NADH
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Know this structure. fig 101. Know how it works.
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T or F
NADH reduced form? |
true
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NAD+ to NADH. How many protons and eledtrons
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2 electrons 1 proton.
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What is different about NADP+
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has phosphate group
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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CO2 as prodcut, requires O2. respiration
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fermentation
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incomplete oxidation of glucose. anaerobic process no O2 required
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aerobes
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use oxygen
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anaerobic
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does not use oxygen
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4 things
Chemiosmotic for mitochondira |
1. membrane is impermeable to H+
2. electron tranpsot generates a proton gradient 3. protein gradient is an energy source 4. enzyme in membrane can convert H+ tinto ATP |
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List the things that you gain from glycolysis
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2 NADH
2 ATP 2 pyruvate |
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List the things that you gain from the Kreb cycle
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3 NADH
1 FADH2 1 ATP 2 CO2 Note: when using whole glucose make sure you multiply by 2 |
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1 NADH makes how many ATPs?
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3
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1 FADH2 makes how many ATPs?
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2
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When pyruvate converts to CoA list the products that come out
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2 NADH
2 CO2 |
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What is Chemiosmosis?
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energy coupling mech that uses a proton gradient to drive cellular work
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Regarding with fermentation
what is obligate? |
requires with oxygen or without
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regarding with fermentaiton
what is facultative? |
can be in the presence of oxygen or without
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do all photosynthetic organism have chloroplast?
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No, but need light absorbing pigment
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Where does the calvin cycle occur?
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In the stroma
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Rubisco accepts CO2 and O2. What happens when it accepts O2
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it forms unuseful product for calvin cycle.
No G3P No ATP |
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What is the primary structure?
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amino acid sequence
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Secondary stucture?
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folds of polypeptide into alpha helix and beta sheets.
done through hydrogen bonding |
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tertiary structure?
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3D folding of polypeptide through disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonding, ionic, hydrophobic, and van-der-walls.
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Quartenary strucutre?
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same as tertiary except with polypeptide and other subunits
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what happens if a protein is denature?
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the 2nd, 3rd, 4th structure
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Maltose
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glucose and glucose 1,4
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lactose
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galatose and glucose 1,4
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sucrose
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fructose and glucose 1,2
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oligosaccharides
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short chain of polysaccarides
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starch - amylose
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unbranched alpha glucose
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starch - amylopectin
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branched alpha glucose
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glycogen
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heavily branched alpha glucose
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cellulose
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beta glucose unbranched
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nucleoside
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base and pentose
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what are the bases for DNA?
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Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine
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What are the bases for RNA?
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Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine
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T or F
DNA and RNA are the only nucleotides |
False, ATP is a nucleotide
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Amphipathic
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have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
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plasma membrane
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selective barrier that regulates a cells chemical composition
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Fluid mosaic model
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plasma membrane is a fluid with various proteins embedded or attached
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Cholestrol
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steriod a type of lipid
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How does cholestrol affect the plasma membrane?
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reduces fluidity at moderate Temp, but disrupts packing/solidify at low temp
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cytoplasm
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cytosol and organelles
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Ribosomes
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made of rRNA and proteins
not membrane bound they make proteins |
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What is in the endomembrane system?
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Golgi body
endoplasmic reticulum plasma membrane lysosome vacuoles |
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Rough ER
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has bound ribosomes
makes membrane and proteins |
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smooth ER
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synth lipids
help metab carbs detoxify by adding -OH group |
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Golgi Body
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modify proteins
produces polysaccarides |
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lysosomes
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have hydrolytic enzymes
pH around 5 function optimally at low pH so won't denature in cytosol |
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Vacuoles
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stores food and waste
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Mitochondria and Chloroplast
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have their own DNA and ribosomes
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Endosymbiotic theory
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chlorplasts and mito were once prokaryotes "swallowed" by larger cell
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peroxisomes
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oxidizes molecules
detoxify alcohol their protein and lipid made from ER not in endomembrane |
