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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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body structure of living organisms
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Physiology
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Deals with the normal functions of living organisms
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Dorsal vs. Ventral
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upper side or back of animal v. abdominal side of animal
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Anterior vs. posterior
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Situated in the front of the body vs. near the rear
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promixmal vs. distal
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situated nearer to the center of the body vs situated away from the center body
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Epithlial
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thin tissue forming the outer layer of body surfaces and lining the alimentary canal
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Connective Tissue
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connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs
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Muscle Tissue
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Fibrous tissue that has the ability to contrract, producing movement n or maintaining the position of the body
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Nervous
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fibers that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body
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Homeostasis
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the ability to maintain a relatively stable equilibrium between systems
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Negative vs. Positive Feedback
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dimuation of an effect by its on ability on a system vs. enhancement of an effect by its own influence on the system
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Hydrolytic Enzymes
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the chemical breakdown of a compound due to a reaction with water
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ATP
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Adenosine triphosphate-provides energy for physiological activities like muscle contraction
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heat loss
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all cellular work includes the loss of heat from the reaction
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Endotherm
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an animal capable of internal generation of heat
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Ectotherm
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an animal dependent on external sources of heat
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Relationship between size and surface area to volume ration
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as overall size increases, ratio of surface area to volume decrease
L^2/L^3 |
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Organ
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Different Tissues are organized into specialized centers of function
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Organ System
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Several organs function together to carry out a major function
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Herbivore
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animal that feeds on plants
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Carnivore
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animal that feeds on flesh
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Omnivores
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animal or person that eats both plant and animal origin
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Nutritional Requirements
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Regardless of what an anmial eats, it must provide fuel for all cellular work, organic raw materials for biosynthesis, essential nutrients i
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suspension
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a mixture of particles are dispersed throughout the bulk of a fluid
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Ingestion
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act of eating
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Digestion
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breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absrob
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Absorption
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Animal cells take up small molecules such as Amino Acids and simple sugars
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Elimination
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Expulsion of undigested materials
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Intracellular
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food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacules
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Extracellular
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breakdown of food outside cell
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Gastrovascular Cavity
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For animals with simple body plans which functions in both digestionand distribution of nutrients
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Alimentary Canal
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a tube organized into specialized regions that carry out digestion and nutrient absorption in steps
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Oral cavity
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location where food is lubricated and digestion begins
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Pharynx
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junction that opens both the esophagus and windpipe
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Esophagus
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Conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis
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Peristalsis
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Rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of the canal
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Stomach
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stores food, secretes gastric juice that converts it into acid chyme
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Gastric Juice
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Composed of hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin, with a pH of 2.0
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Small Intestine
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Duodenum most digestion occurs, Illeum and Jejunum are the sites of absorption
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Liver
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Produces bile salt which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats
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Gall Bladder
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Storage site for bile
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Pancreas
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Produces amylases proteinases and lipase
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Enteropeptidase
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Intestinal enzyme that triggers activation of proteases which directly activates trypsin
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Proteinases
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an enzyme that breaks peptide bonds other than terminal ones in a peptide chain
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Trypsin
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an enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, trypsinogen
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Chymotrypsin
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breaks down protein in small intestine one at a time from the carboxy end. Secreted by the pancreas and converted into an active form by trypsin
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Aminopeptidase
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breaks down proteins one at a time from the amine end
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Nucleases
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Breaks down DNA and RNA
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Function of Colon
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to recover water that has entered alimentary canal
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Glucagon
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Promotes breakdown of glycogen in liver and release of glucose into blood rising blood glucose levels
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Insulin
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Secreted by Pancreas. Enhances use of glucose by cells and stimulates liver to store glucose as glycogen which results glucose blood levels to decrease
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Leptin
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Made by adipose tissue and suppresses appetite but as levels decline with fat loss appetite increases
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PYY
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Secreted by small intestine after meals to suppress appetite
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Ghrelin
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Secreted by stomach to promote hunger. makes dieting harder because elevated levels
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Ruminants
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digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first stomach, known as the rumen, then regurgitating the semi-digested mass, now known as cud, and chewing it again.
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Polymerse Chain Reaction (PCR) for human microbials
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Studies of micobial gene sequences indicate btwn 500 and 1,000 mirobe species live in average person
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Circulation and Gas Exchange
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the time required for diffusion is proportional to the square of the distance that a chemical must travel
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Open Circulatory Systems
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In insects, Hemolymph bathes the organs directly
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Closed Circulatory System
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Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. More efficient suppling cells
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Atrium
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heart chambers that receive blood
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Ventricle
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Chambers that pump blood
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Arteries
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Carry blood away from heart to capillaries which is usually oxygenated
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Veins
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Carries blood from capillaries to heart usually de-oxygenated
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Cardiac Cycle
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Complete sequence of filling and pumping by the heart
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Diastole
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Relaxation phase of the heart
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Systole
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Contraction phase of heart
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Sinoatrial Node (pacemaker)
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maintains pumping rhythm by setting rate at which all cardiac muscle cells contract
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Erythrocytes
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Red blood cells that transport O2
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Leukocytes
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White blood cells that fight infection and include monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
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Platelets
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Pinched off cytoplasmic fragments of myeloid stem cells that clot blood
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Hemoglobin
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Binds O2 in gills or lungs and releases it in systemic capillaries
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Where are blood cells formed?
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A single population of cells called pluripotent stem cells in the red marrow of bones
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Clotting Reaction
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A cascade of complex reactions that includes converting fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a clot
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Totipotent
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an immature or stem cell capable of giving rise to any cell type ie complete embryo
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Pluripotent
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a stem cell capable of giving rise to several different cell types
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Heart Attack
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death of cardiac muscle resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries
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Stroke
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death of nervous tissue in brain resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head
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Thrombus
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Clot within the cardiovascular system
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Embolus
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a thrombus that has dislodged and moved through the circulatory system
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Atherosclerosis
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Buildup of plaques on inner surfaces arteries. Smooth muscle infiltrated with fibrous connective tissue and lipid
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Atheriosclerosis
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hardening of arteries. Occurs when plaques become hardened with calcium
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Hypertension
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high blood pressue. Promotes atherosclerosis and increases risk of heart attack and stroke. Positive feedback loop
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Gas Exchange
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Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes of carbon dioxide
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Countercurrent Exchange in gills
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Effectiveness of gas exchange in fills is increased by countercurrent of blood and water
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How mammals ventilate their lungs
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By negative pressure breathing, which pulls air into the lungs. ie the expansion of the diaphragm
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Bohr Shift
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Lowering pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen which allows metabolically active tissues to pick up more oxygen
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Top 5 Infectious Killers
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1. Flu
2. HIV (retrovirus) 3. Cholera (bacterium) 4. Tuberculosis (mycobacterium) 5. Malaria |
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Innate Immunity
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Also called non-specific immunity. 1st responder in exposure. Involves phagocytosis, inflammatory, antimicrobial protiens
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Acquired Immunity (Specific or Adaptive)
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develops only after exposure, involves very specific response to pathogens, B and T lymphocytes
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Primary Lymphoid Organs
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Bone marrow and thymus are where lymphocytes differeniate into mature immune cells
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs
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Sites where lymphocytes are concentrated (tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and small intestine)
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Lymphatic System
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lymphatic vessels carry lymph and trap foreign molecules
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Neutrophils
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60-70% of all leukocytes. Attracted by damaged cells. engulf and kill bacteria
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Eosinophils
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attack parasitic worms by discharging cytoplasmic granules. involved in allergic response
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Monocytes
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become Macrophages
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Macrophages
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big, bad and deadly. attach to polysaccharides of microbial cells. present antigens to T cells
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Basophils
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secrete heparin at sites of injury
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Dendritic Cells
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Present antigens to T cells
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Mast Cells
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secrete histamine in inflammatory response
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Phagocytic Cells
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attach to their prey via surface receptors and engulf them
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