Biology 151

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Reproductive cells in animals and plants.

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Gametes

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One parent gives rise to offspring while passing copies of all its genes making clone.

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Asexual Reproduction

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Two parents give rise to offspring resulting in mix of genetic makeup. Variation is the result

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Sexual Reproduction

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Cell not involved in gamete formation. Contains 46 chromosomes.

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Human Somatic Cell

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Chromosomes with same size and gene location

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homologous chromosomes

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Any cell with two sets of chromosomes.(2n)

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Diploid cell

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Gametes with a single set of chromosomes.

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Haploid cell

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The Union of two gametes, culminating in the fusion of their nuclei.

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Fertilization

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The fertilized egg

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Zygote

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Reduction of the number of sets of chromosomes in a gamete.

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Meiosis

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Type of reproduction that has both diploid and haploid multicellular stages
"some plant and algae"

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Alternation of Generation

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Multicellular diploid stage in alternation of generation.

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Sporophyte

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Meiosis of the diploid sporophyte produces haploid cells called

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Spores

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Spore in alternation of generations divide mitotically to produce multicellular stage called

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Gametophyte

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One division forming two diploid daughter cells.

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Mitosis

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Two divisions forming four haploid introduces variation.

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Meiosis

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Joining of chromosomes in meiosis

X shaped connections of chromosomes "proteins called Cohesins"

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synapsis

Chiasma

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Fusion of two haploid cells

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Syngamy

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Sexual cycle in which the gamete is the only haploid stage"animals"
Multicellular Diploid

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Gametic

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Sexual cycle in which the zygote is the only diploid cell."fungus,protists,algae" Multicellular haploid

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Zygotic

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Skips Linkage and physical mapping.

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Ventor Shotgun mapping

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First abiotic organism with replication and metabolism

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Protobionts

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Technique for dating in which scientists calculate half-life

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Radiometric dating

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Prokaryotes and atmospheric oxygen develop in the era

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Archean

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Single and some multicellular eukaryotes develop in this era

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Proterozoic

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Colonization of land species happened in this era

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Paleozoic

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Development of humans in this era

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Cenozoic

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Layered rock that form from the binding of prokaryotes.

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Stromatolites

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Mass extinction between Mesozioc and Cenozoic era.

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Cretaceous Extinction

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Mass extinction between Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras

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Permian extinction

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When reproductive stages accelerate compared to other organs a species may retain their juvenile features.

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Paedomorphisis

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Genes that determine where something will be placed on the organism

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Homeotic gene

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Bacteria cell walls are made of

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peptidoglycan

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Simpler cell walls with more peptidoglycan

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Gram Positive

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bacteria with complex cell walls and less peptidoglycan

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Gram Negative

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Genes that determine where something will be placed on the organism

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Homeotic gene

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Bacteria cell walls are made of

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peptidoglycan

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Simpler cell walls with more peptidoglycan

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Gram Positive

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bacteria with complex cell walls and less peptidoglycan

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Gram Negative

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Hair like appendage that is used for cell adhesion

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Fimbriae

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Movement towards or away from an environment stimuli

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Taxis

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Small rings of separately replicating DNA found in some prokaryotes

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Plasmids

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Prokaryotes can reproduce quickly in favored environments because they reproduce by

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Binary Fission

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When nutrients are lacking some bacteria produce a copy of its RNA and remove all water from the copy in an attempt to survive. This is called a

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Endospore

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Prokaryotic cells are altered by the uptake of of foreign DNA

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Transformation

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Prokaryotic cells are altered by bacteriophages.

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Transduction

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Photosynthetic organisms that use light to drive organic compound ATP synthesis

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Photoautotrophs

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Organisms that oxidize inorganic compounds inorder to drive organic compound ATP synthesis

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Chemoautotrophs

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Harness energy from lights but must use organic compounds for ATP synthesis

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Photoheterotroph

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Must consume organic molecules in order to produce ATP.

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Chemoheterotrophs

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Organisms that use oxygen for cellular respiration

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Obligate aerobes

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Organisms poisoned by oxygen, usually use fermentation to produce ATP.

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Anaerobic obligate

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Use oxygen if available, but also use fermentation.

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facilitated anaerobes

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Some cyanobacteria convery atmospheric Nitrogen into ammonia. This process is called

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Nitrogen Fixation

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Groups of cells that have metabolic cooperation.

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Biofilm

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Parasite bacteria that can only live in animal cells. No peptidoglycan and causes STDs

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Chlamydias

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Helical Heterotrophs. Many are free living some parasitic, causing syphilis and limes decease.

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Spirochetes

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Photoautotrophic bacteria with plant like photosynthesis. Some fix nitrogen, very abundant in water environments.

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Cyanobacteria

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Most of these bacteria help decompose organic material. Not very virulent, some cause leprosy and TB

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Gram negative

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Toxins secretes by a pathogenic bacteria

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Exotoxin

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Toxins secreted by a pathogenic bacteria after its death

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Endotoxin

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An Extravata Protist with modified mitochondria called mitosomes

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Diplomanads

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An Extravata protist with modified flagella

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Euglenazoids

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Group of Chromalveolates with aveoli sacs under plasma membrane

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Alveolates

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Chromalveolates with 2 flagella and reinforced cellulose plates. Some secrete toxins. "phiesteria"

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Dinoflagellants

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Chromalveolates that are mostly parasitic. Spread through sporozoites.

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Apicomplexans

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Most unicellular some form colonies. All photosynthetic. Yellow and brown caretenoids.

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Golden algae

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All multicellular and most marine. Contain Thallus, holdfast, stipe, and blades. " Alternation of generation"

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Brown algae

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1.Sporangia
2.Create male and female zoospores
3. Sperm meets egg.
4.Multicellular zygote and sporophyte

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Alteration of Generation

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Sporophyte and gameophyte are structurally different

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heteromorphic

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Sporophyte and gameophyte are structurally the same

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Isomorphic

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A layer of durable polymer that inhibits the loss of exposed zygotes.

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Sporopollenin

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Female multicellular Gametangia

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Archegonia

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Male Multicellular Gametangia

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antheridium

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Growth of roots ans stems occurs at these points

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Apical Meristems

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Cells joined into tubes to transfer water and nutrients.

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Vascular tissue

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Nonvascular plants. Dominate Gametophyte stage.

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Bryophytas

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Seedless vascular plants

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Lycophytes and Pterophytes

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Naked seed plant. Conifers

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Gymnosperm

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Flowering plant. Covered seed shell. Fruits

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Angiosperm

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Bryophytes are anchored by a tube of singular cells known as

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Rhizoids

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Embedded in the archegonium it absorbes nutrients from the gametophyte.

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Foot

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Spores that support photosynthesis by allowing the exchange of CO2 and O2 between interior and exterior.

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Stomata

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Opening of Sporophyte

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Peristome

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Transports sugars in vascular plants

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Phloem

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Transports water and nutrients in vascular plants

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Xylem

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Cell walls of vascular tissue are strengthened by

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Lignen

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Leaves are thought to have developed from

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Megaphylls

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Clusters of Sporangia

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Sori

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Cone-like structures

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Strobili