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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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evolution
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the process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today
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biology
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the scientific study of life
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properties of life
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order, evolutionary adaptation, response to the environment, regulation, energy processing, reproduction, growth and development
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emergent properties
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new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
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systems biology
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an approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interaction among the system's parts
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Level of Biological Organization
1. Bioshpere |
consists of all life on Earth and all places where life exists
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Level of Biological Organization
2. Ecosystems |
consists of all living things in a particular area, along with all nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts
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Level of Biological Organization
3. Communities |
the entire array of organisms inhabiting an ecosystem (all populations of species)
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Level of Biological Organization
4. Populations |
consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specific area
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Level of Biological Organization
5. Organisms |
individual living things
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Level of Biological Organization
6. Organs and Organ Systems |
a part that carries our a particular function in the organism
multiple parts of the body that work together to carry our certain bodily functions |
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Level of Biological Organization
7. Tissues |
groups of cells working together, performing a specialized function
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Level of Biological Organization
8. Cells |
life's fundamental unit of structure and function
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Level of Biological Organization
9. Organelles |
the various functional components in cells
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Level of Biological Organization
10. Molecules |
a chemical structure consisting of two or more small chemical units called atoms
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global climate change
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increase in temperature and change in weather patterns all around the planet, due mostly to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels from the burning of fossil fuels
the increase in temperature, called global warming, is a major aspect of this |
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eukaryotic cell
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a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
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prokaryotic cell
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a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
a cells genetic material |
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genes
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the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring
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gene expression
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the process by which the information in a gene directs the production of a cellular product
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genome
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the entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
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genomics
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rather than investigation a single gene at a time, research focus on whole sets of genes of a species as well as comparing genomes between species
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bioinformatics
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the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that result from high-throughput methods
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negative feedback
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accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process
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positive feedback
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an end product speeds up its own production
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three domains of life
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bacteria
archaea eukarya |
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bacteria
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the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes' domain
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archaea
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domain of prokaryotes that live in the Earth's extreme environments
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eukarya
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the domain of all eukaryotes
kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia |
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natural selection
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a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
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matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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element
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a substance that cannot be broken down to other substance by chemical reactions
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compound
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a substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio
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essential elements
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about 20-25% of the 92 natural elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce
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elements that compose 96% of living matter (humans in this case)
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Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) |
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elements that make up most of the remaining 4% (humans in this case)
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Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorous (P) Potassium (K) Sulfur (S) Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) Magnesium (Mg) |
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trace elements (make up less than 0.01% of living matter - humans in this case)
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Boron (B), Molybdenum (Mo)
Chromium (Cr), Selenium (Se) Cobalt (Co), Silicon (Si) Flourine (F), Tin (Sn) Iodine (I), Vanadium (V) Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) Manganese (Mn) |
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atom
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the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
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neutron
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an electrically neutral subatomic particle
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proton
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a positively charges subatomic particle
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electron
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a negatively charged subatomic particle
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atomic nucleus
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a dense core at the center of an atom that is made up of tightly packed protons and neutrons
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dalton
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unit of atomic measurement equal to amu (atomic mass unit)
in honor of John Dalton |
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atomic number
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the number or protons in the nucleus that is unique to each element
written as a subscript to the left of the element |
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mass number
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the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
written as a superscript to the left of the element |
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atomic mass
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an approximation of the total mass of an atom
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isotopes
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one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass
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radioactive isotopes
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an isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
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energy
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the capacity to cause change
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potential energy
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the energy an atom possesses because of its location or structure
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electron shells
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fixed levels of potential energy where electrons can be found around a nucleus
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valence electrons
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the number of electrons in the outermost shell
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valence shell
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the outermost shell
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orbital
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the three dimensional space where an electron can be found 90% of the time
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chemical bonds
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an attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms (the bonded atoms gain complete outer shell electrons)
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covalent bond
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the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
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molecule
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two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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single bond
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one pair of shared electrons
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double bond
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two pairs of shared electrons
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valence
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an atom's bonding capacity
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electronegativity
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the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
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non-polar covalent bond
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covalent bond of atoms with the same electronegativity
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polar covalent bond
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covalent bonds of atoms with differing electronegativity
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ion
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a charged atom
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cation
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a positively charged ion (atom)
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anion
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a negatively charged ion (atom)
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ionic bond
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attraction between to atoms where a cation gives the electron(s) to the anion
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ionic compounds
salts |
compounds formed by ionic bonds
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hydrogen bonds
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the attraction of a covalently bonded hydrogen to other electronegative atoms due to the partial positive charge of the hydrogen
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van der Waals interactions
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weak attraction between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial changes
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chemical reaction
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the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter
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reactants
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starting materials of a chemical reaction
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products
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final materials of a chemical reaction
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chemical equilibrium
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the point at which chemical reactions offset each other
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polar molecule
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the overall charge is unevenly distributed (water)
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four emergent properties of water
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cohesion
temperature moderation expansion upon freezing versatility as a solvent |
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cohesion
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the linkage together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds
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adhesion
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the clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds
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surface tension
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a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
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