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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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IF plants absorb water in their roots, how does the water get to the leaves near the top of large elm and cotton wood trees?
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a
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ahint
PLANT ANATOMY |
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Why do some plants have green stems?
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b
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bhint
PLANT ANATOMY |
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How are conifers able to retain their leaves throught the winter where as other plants shed their leaves
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c
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chint
PLANT ANATOMY |
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How are the roots designed to absorb maximum amount of water and nutrients?
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d
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dhint
PLANT ANATOMY |
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Of the two types of roots, taproots and fibrous roots, which do you think is the more efficient at water absorption? why?
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e
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ehint
PLANT ANATOMY |
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If you were comparing the root system to a system in your body, which would it be?
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f
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fhint
PLANT ANATOMY |
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Roots have a hard job pushing through hard, often rocky soil. What is it that prevents damage to the growing, apical part of the root tip?
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the root cap, it is a protective cover
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ghint
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What is the function of a root hair?
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h
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hhint
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What is the function of the cortex?
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i
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ihint
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What is the function of the precambium?
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j
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jhint
PLANT ANATOMY |
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As cells grow and develop, they also begin to differentiate . What does this mean?
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Cell differentiation is the process which young, immature (unspecialized) cell take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized form and function so...essentially the acquire a "type")
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unspecialize --- specialized
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What is the function of the epidermis?
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out protective layer of a plant helps prevent injury and minimizes water loss by evaporation
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protective layer
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What is the function of the amyloplasts?
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non-pigmented organelles foundin plant cells responsible for the storage of starch through the polymer zonation of glucose
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stores glucose
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What is the function of endodermis?
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the differentiated, innermost layer of the cortex of roots, rhizomes and certain non-seed bearing vascular plants stems (separates cortical cells from cells of pericycle)
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separates cortical cells from cells of pericycle
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What is the function of pericycle?
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a tissue typically of roots which is found between the endoderm and the phloem, which gives rise to branch roots
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between the endoderm and phloem
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What is the function of xylem?
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the supporting layer of tissue in vascular plants that conduct water and nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant
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conducts water and nutrients
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What is the function of the phloem?
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the food-conducting tissue of a plant, made up of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and fibers
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conducts food
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What is the axillary bud?
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an axillary bud is a bud formed in the upper angle between a twig or a petiole and the stem
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between the twig and stem
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What is the shoot apical meristem?
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undifferentiated tissue, located within the shoot tip, generally appearing as a shiny dome-like structure distal to the youngest leaf primordium
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dome-like structure
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What can annual rings tell you about the weather in the past?
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the size of the the rings can tell you if there was a drought if it was a particularily wet season
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drought/wet
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What does bark consist of?
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cork, cambium, secondary phloem and vascular cambium
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cork cambium phloem
PLANT ANATOMY |
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If your twig has side brances, where did they originate from?
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axillary bud
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AB
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What are the three leaf shapes?
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plamate, pinnate, parallel
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maple leaf, fern, ivy?
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What is the function of the cuticle?
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a waxy or varnish-like layer covering the outer surface of the leaves - prevents moisture loss
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covers the leaves
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What is the function of the pallisade mesophyll
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elongated parenchyma cells found in the ground tissue of leaves, contain many chloroplasts and performs most photosynthesis
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performs photosynthesis
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What is the function of the stomata?
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the pore openings underneath the plant leaves that can open and close according to the metabolic need of the plant. They are ports for exchange of oxygen and CO2 for photosynthesis, but also release excess H2O into the air
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pore openings
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What is the function of the guard cells?
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specialized crescent-shaped cells that control the opening and closing of a stomata
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controls opening and closing ot stomata
PLANT ANATOMY |
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What is the function of the filaments?
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threadlike...holds up anther
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PLANT REPRODUCTION
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What is the function of the anther?
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carries pollen
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PLANT REPRODUCTION
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What are the two parts of the Stamen?
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the filament and the anther
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PLANT REPRODUCTION
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What does the pistal/carpel consist of?
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the stigma, style and ovary
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PLANT REPRODUCTION
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What is the function of the petal?
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attract pollinators
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PLANT REPRODUCTION
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What is the function of the sepal?
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protect bud
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PLANT REPRODUCTION
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What is the function of the ovule?
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egg - once fertilization takes place - becomes a seed
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PLANT REPRODUCTION
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What is the receptacle?
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flower's attachment to the stalk
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PLANT REPRODUCTION
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What is the stigma?
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sticky surface, traps and holds pollen
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PLANT REPRODUCTION
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What is the style?
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tube-like structure, holds up stigma
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PLANT REPRODUCTION
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What is contained within the ovary?
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contains ovules
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PLANT REPRODUCTION
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What are some properties of a monocot?
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one cotyledon
flower parts in 3's or multiples of 3 pollen with 1 pore parallel veins in leaves vascular bundles distributed throughout stem |
flower parts in 3's
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What are some properties of a dicot
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two cotyledons
flower parts in 4s or 5s pollen with 3 pores net-like veins in leaves vascular bundles in ring around stem |
flowers in parts of 4's or 5's
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What is double fertilization?
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the fertilization process in angiosperms resulting in fusion of pollen nuclei with both sygote and the polar bodies to form the 2n embryo and the 3n endosperm
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PLANT REPRODUCTION
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What are the gametophytes?
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gametophytes - the plant generation which gives rise to the gametos by means of mitosis
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typically haploid
PLANT REPRODUCTION |
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Are megasprocytes haploid or diploid?
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diploid
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PLANT REPRODUCTION
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What is the function of endosperm?
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nutritive tissue that develops in the embryo sac of most angiosperms
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tasty
PLANT REPRODUCTION |
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Where would you find starch in seeds?
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cotyledons
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carbohydrate!!
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What is in the endosperm and why is it important in the development of the plants?
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the endosperm is rich in proteins and carbohydrates that serve as food substance for the early growing embryo
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nutritive
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A drupe would be...
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outer covering fleshy and mostly of ovary tissue; inner portion hard and story; single seed
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avacado
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A berry would be...
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outer covering flesy and mostly of ovary tissue; inner portion fleshy
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pear
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A hesperidium would be...
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outer skin learther and contains oils
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orange
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A pepo would be...
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out skin is fairly thick rind with no oils
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cucumber
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A pome would be...
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outer portion would mostly of stem tissue; many seeded
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apple
PLANT REPRODUCTION |
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a legume would be...
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outer portion fairly dry at maturity; fruit easily splits along its length
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bean
PLANT REPRODUCTION |
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a nut would be...
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outer portion hard and dry at maturity; fruit doesn't split along any seam
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walnut
PLANT REPRODUCTION |
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a samara would be...
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winged fruit
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maple
PLANT REPRODUCTION |
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a achene would be...
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the whole fruit is usually mistaken for a seed; outer portion hard and dry at maturity
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milkweek
PLANT REPRODUCTION |
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What is the most notable structual difference between the artery and the vein?
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the vein has valves to prevent backflow
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CIRCULATORY
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Capillaries are constucted of endothelial cells and are one cell layer thick. Why would this design be advantageous for diffusion of gasses, nutrients...
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because the layer is not thick, the gasses, nutrients, etc., can diffuse across the capillaries very efficiently/fast
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CIRCULATORY
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Why is necessary to keep oxygenated and unoxygenated blood separate?
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if they mix, the partial pressure of oxygen in blood will change
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partially pressure
CIRCULATORY |
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What important function do the heart valves perform?
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prevent backflow
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back flow...
CIRCULATORY |
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Notice the thickness of the heart wall. In what chamber us the wall the thickest? Why do you believe this is so?
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the left ventricle is the thickest because it has to pump blood to the whole body
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pump to the body
CIRCULATORY |
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From the vena cava, where would a drop of blood go?
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vena cava -> blood returns to the heart from body, enters right atrium -> blood enters right ventricle -> blood is pumped from the righ ventricle to lungs -> blood returns to left atrium from lungs -> blood enters left ventricle -> blood is pumped from left ventricle to body
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CIRCULATORY
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What happens to the pulse rate after exercise?
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bpm increased with exercize because the heart is working harder to pump blood to the body
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CIRCULATORY
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Are cells that result from mitosis clones genetically identical?
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yes
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_______ carry blood away form the heart, in contrast, _______ carry blood toward the
heart. |
Arteries, Veins
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What body system is most comparable to that of the root system?
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Circulatory System
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What stage of mitosis is it when the spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at their centromeres and move the chromosomes to the equator of the cell.
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METAPHASE
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What layer of the eye absorbs and converts light into signals?
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Inner
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Within plants is a tiny structure that allows for differentiation between monocots and dicots, what is it called?
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Cotyledon
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________ cells are the cells located along either side of the egg within an ovule.
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SYNERGID
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What is the end result of meiosis II?
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4 Nuclei
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What is wrong with your cornea if you have an “astigmatism”?
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It’s unevenly curved
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What is the name of the liquid portion of blood in humans?
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Plasma
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What does each of the three layers of the eye do?
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Outer - protects and focuses light
Middle - is concerned with control of light and pressure Inner - absorbs light and converts it into signals |
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How can you distinguish a mature pollen grain from an immature pollen grain?
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Mature pollen grains have two nuclei and immature pollen grains only have one
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Two major groups that angiosperms are made up of are classified as
___________ and _________. |
Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons
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_______are structures that are involved in the aeration of thick
stems or branches. |
Lenticels
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What is the smallest blood vessel in the circulatory system where gases and other molecules are exchanged between blood and tissues.
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Capillary
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What type of undifferentiated cells are responsible for primary growth?
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Apical meristem
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Whitefish blastula cells spend the majority of their lives in what stage of mitosis?
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Interphase
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Microsporogenesis occurs within the anthers and results in the formation of what?
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Microspores
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Veins always carry unoxygenated blood and arterties always carry
oxygenated blood. True or False |
False
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Which cycle, mitosis or meiosis, increases genetic variability?
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Meiosis
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Sporophytes produce _______, while gametophytes produce ________.
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Spores, Gametes
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During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes condense and become visible?
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Prophase
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How many chromosomes are present in a human egg cell?
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23
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Does "crossing over" occur during mitosis or meiosis?
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Meiosis
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What is the major difference between fruits and vegetables?
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Fruits contain seeds
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Is a bean a monocot or a dicot?
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Dicot
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What is the most abundant type of plant on this planet?
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Angiosperms (flowering plants)
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Where is the main area of food production in a plant found?
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Leaves
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What is one of the 4 stages of mitosis?
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, or Telophase
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_____ is the waxy layer that covers the epidermis on a leaf.
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Cuticle
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Following Meiosis in plants, Microspores eventually develop into ________ which will eventually form ______.
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pollen, sperm cells
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What structure joins sisters chromatids during prophase in mitosis?
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Centromere
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The Zone of elongation includes all of the following EXCEPT,
A: Cortex B: Pericycle C: Procambium D: Protoderm |
B: Pericycle
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What color blindness is the most common? Which is the least common?
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Red-Green is the most common and Yellow-Blue is rare
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Name 2 things that occur in the Telophase II?
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The nuclear membrane reappears, division occurs, 4 new nuclei are formed
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Why does your heart rate increase when you exercise?
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Because your muscles need more oxygen which means that your body needs more blood flow to bring that oxygen to the tissues.
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What type of fertilization is taking place when the sperm fertilizes the ovule and also the polar nuclei?
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Double fertilization
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What is the outermost layer of cells of any multicellular organism?
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Epidermis
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The human heart has how many complex chambers?
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4
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What is the maintenance of a relatively constant physical and chemical environment within an organism?
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Homeostasis
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This type of circulatory system does not confine circulating fluids (hemolymph) to blood vessels?
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Open circulatory system
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This is a form of reproduction that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent?
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Asexual
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This process of cell division results in identical (cloned) genes?
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MITOSIS
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During double fertilization two sperm travel down the pollen tube, one enters the embyro sac and the other sperm develops into what?
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ENDOSPERM TISSUE
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What area of the eye is considered the “blind spot”?
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Optic disc
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What pressure is the greatest during the contraction of the ventricles of the heart when blood pressure is being measured?
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Systolic pressure
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What are the two general types of roots found in plants?
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Taproots and diffuse or fibrous roots
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Which part of the body is most sensitive to touch?
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Tip of Index finger.
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What is the systolic number, when taking a blood pressure?
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When you first hear beats.
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What phase of Meiosis do the sister chromatids pull apart?
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Anaphase I.
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What prevents damage to the apical part of the root tip?
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The Root Cap.
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What are gametophyes?
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A species that exhibits alternation of generation.
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The chemoreceptors in a person's mouth are called what?
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Taste receptors
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What is the function of veins?
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To carry blood back to the heart
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Axillary buds may develop into what?
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Branch
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Somatic cells divide by which process?
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Mitosis
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Do ALL fruits contain seeds?
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Yes
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What are the pores or openings on the surface of a leaf or stem though which gas exchange occurs for photosynthesis?
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Stomata
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What is the first visible sign that a crossover event has taken place?
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Chiasma
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How many layers is the human eye composed of?
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Three
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Which type of blood pressure is measured during a heart contraction?
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Systolic Blood Pressure
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What are the special cells found in the ovules that go through meisosis?
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Megasporocytes
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One site of gas exchange in cellular respiration is the ________?
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Lungs
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The blood that is oxygen rich is in the right or left chambers of the heart?
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Left
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What will ovules eventually develop into if a plant is pollinated?
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Zygote
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What are the single layer of cells that cover the plant and protect it called?
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Epidermis
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Depending on their position in the meristem, when cells mature into specialized cells, they are beginning to what?
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Differentiate
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What is the function of the endodermis?
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It separates the cortex from the vascular tissue
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Which phase in mitosis takes the longest time?
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Interphase
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How many sperm are released in double fertilization?
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Two
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What are the 2 kinds of photoreceptors in the eye?
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Rods and cones
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If you are focusing on a distant object and it is blurred, you most likely ________?
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Nearsighted
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What part of the heart receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava?
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Right Atrium
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In plant reproduction, what is the triploid tissue in the seed that serves as food for the developing embryo?
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Endosperm
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What are the cells called that change shape to open or close the stoma?
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Guard cells
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In what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?
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Prophase I
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What is responsible for our sense of smell?
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Olfactory Receptors
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How does Anaphase II differ when compared to Anaphase I in meiosis?
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Sister Chromatids (not homologous chromosomes) are pulled apart.
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What is the main difference between arteries and veins?
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Arteries: thick walls to contain oxygenated blood under high pressure
Veins: thin walls because the blood is unoxygenated under low pressure |
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What is another name for the center of the viewing field where there are few rods, but many cones?
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Fovea
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During what phase of mitosis/meiosis does actual cell division occur?
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Telophase
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