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251 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Taxonomy?
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the branch of biology concerned with identifying, nameing, and classifying organisms.
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What is the Binomial System?
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A formal system of naming species.
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what are the 2 parts of a scientific name?
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the genus and the species.
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why are scientific names used and beneficial?
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it species can be universally identified, creating less confusion.
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what language is used with scientific names?
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Latin.
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How are scientific names written?
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hand written= underlined
typed= italicized |
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what is a species?
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organisms with a group of unique characteristics.
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to be considered a species, does an animal (or plant) hvae to be able to reproduce?
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yes, to pass on their traits.
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what are the 8 categories of classification, in order from most general to most specific (or vise versa)?
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domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
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which is more specific?
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a domain or a species?
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which category is more specific? a family or a genus?
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a genus.
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which category is more specific? a phylum or a kingdom?
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a phylum.
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which category is more specific? a class or an order?
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an order.
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which category is more specific? a genus or a species?
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a species.
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what is the scientific name for humans?
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homo sapiens.
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what are the 3 domains?
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bacteria, archaea, and eukarya.
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which of the 3 domains are prokaryotes? which are eukaryotes?
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pro= bacteria, and archea
euk= eukarya |
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differentiate between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
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eukaryote= has a nucleus, organelles, and can be multicellular.
prokaryote= none of these things. |
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describe bacteria?
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all prokaryotes, single celled, live everywhere, and can be helpful or harmful.
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describe archaea?
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prokaryotes, single celled, and live in extreme conditions.
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describe eukarya?
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all cells have a nucleus and organelles. can be single or multicellular.
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at present, what are the 4 kingdoms?
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protista, fungi, plante, and animalia.
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are protista unicellular or multicellular?
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unicellular.
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are protista mobile?
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yes, most of the time.
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how do protista obtain their food?
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absorption, indigestion, and photosynthesis.
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give examples of kingdom protista:
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protizoans, ameabas, algeas, and slimemolds.
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are funi unicellular or multicellular?
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mostly multicellular.
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are fungi mobile?
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no.
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how do fungi obtain their food?
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mainly absorb nutrients.
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give examples of kingdom fungi:
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molds, mushrooms, and yeasts.
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are plante unicellular or multicellular?
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multicellular.
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are plante mobile?
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no
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how do plante obtain food?
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photosynthesis.
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give some examples of kingdom plante:
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mosses, ferns, trees, flowers, and grasses.
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are animalia unicellular or multicellular?
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multicellular.
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are animalia mobile?
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mostly
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how do animalia obtain their food?
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ingesting.
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give some examples of kingdome animalia:
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sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals.
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what is a virus?
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noncellular parasidic agent with an outer capsid and inner core of nucleic acid.
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are viruses classified under the 3 domains, 4 kingdomes, etc. classification system? why or why not?
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no, they are not a living organism.
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what are the 2 parts of the inner core of a virus?
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DNA or RNA and viral proteins.
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what are the 2 main parts of a virus?
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outter and inner core.
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what is a "capsid"?
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protective proteins containing the genetic material or a virus.
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defferentiate between a regular virus and a "naked" virus?
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a virus has an enclosing envelope and a "naked" virus does not.
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does a virus contain DNA, RNA, or both?
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either, but never both.
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what are viral proteins? what are they used for?
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proteins encoded by the viral genome.
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can viruses reproduce outide a living cell?
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no.
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what is meant by the term "obligate intracellular parasite"?
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poison.
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what type of cells do bacteriophage viruses infect?
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bacteria.
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what type of cells do polio viruses infect?
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spinal nerves.
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what type of cells do rabies virus infect?
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nerve cells only in mamals.
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what type of cells do hepatitis viruses infect?
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liver cells.
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what are the 2 types of life cycles of bacteriophages?
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lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle.
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what are the 5 stages of the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?
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attatchment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release.
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what happens in the attatchment stageof the lytic cycle?
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portions of the capsid combine with a receptor ona ridged bacteria cell wall.
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what happens in the penetration stage of the lytic cycle?
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viral enzymes digest away part of the cell wall, and inject it into the bacteria cell.
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what happens in the biosynthesis stage of the lytic cycle?
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viral components are synthesized.
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what happens in the maturation stage of the lytic cycle?
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viruses assemble themselves and become mature.
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what happens in the release stage of the lytic cycle?
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enzymes digest cell wall, it ruptures, and viruses are released.
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what are the 3 things produced during the biosynthesis phase of the lytic cycle?
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capsids, DNA/RNA, and enzymes.
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what are the 2 things that happen during the final phase of the lytic cycle?
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bacteriophage takes over the operation, then destroys the bacterium.
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differentiate between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle...
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lysogenic= virus infects the bacterium.
lytic=takes over and destroys bacterium. |
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what is meant by a "latent phase"?
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the time before the actual infection occurs.
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when is a bacteriophage considered to be in a latent phase?
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when its intergrated but not in the biosynthesis phase.
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what are the characteristics of a prokaryote?
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no nucleus, no organelles, and are unicellular.
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what happens in the penetration stage of the lytic cycle?
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viral enzymes digest away part of the cell wall, and inject it into the bacteria cell.
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what happens in the biosynthesis stage of the lytic cycle?
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viral components are synthesized.
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what happens in the maturation stage of the lytic cycle?
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viruses assemble themselves and become mature.
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what happens in the release stage of the lytic cycle?
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enzymes digest cell wall, it ruptures, and viruses are released.
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what are the 3 things produced during the biosynthesis phase of the lytic cycle?
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capsids, DNA/RNA, and enzymes.
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what are the 2 things that happen during the final phase of the lytic cycle?
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bacteriophage takes over the operation, then destroys the bacterium.
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differentiate between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle...
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lysogenic= virus infects the bacterium.
lytic=takes over and destroys bacterium. |
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what is meant by a "latent phase"?
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the time before the actual infection occurs.
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when is a bacteriophage considered to be in a latent phase?
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when its intergrated but not in the biosynthesis phase.
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what are the characteristics of a prokaryote?
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no nucleus, no organelles, and are unicellular.
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prokaryotes belong in what domain(s)?
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bacteria and archea.
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what is an obligate anaerobe?
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microorganisms that live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen; some of these are killed by oxygen.
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what is a facultative anaerobe?
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A microorganism that grows equally well under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
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what is aerobic?
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living or taking place only in the presence of oxygen.
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how do autotrophic prokaryotes obtain its food?
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makes its own food.
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how do photoautotrophs obtain its food?
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photosynthesis.
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how do chemoautotrophs obtain its food?
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other organic compounds, converts CO2-CHO's, liquids, and proteins.
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how do heterotrophic prokaryotes obtain its food?
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rely on other sources for food.
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how do chemoheterotrophs obtain food?
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consume and carry out internal digestion.
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how do saprotrophs obtain its food?
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secrete digestive enzymes, allow external digestion, and absorbs digestive enzymes.
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what are the 2 types of autotrophc prokaryotes?
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photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
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what are 2 types of heterotrophic prokaryotes?
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saprotrophs and chemoheterotrophs.
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what is the most common type of prokaryotes?
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bacteria.
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differentiate between gram positive and gram negative:
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gram positive= blue- purple stain
gram negative= pink stain. |
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what are the 3 categories of bacteria based on shape:
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Spirillium- spiral shaped.
Bacilli- rod shaped. cocci- round or spherical shaped. |
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are cyanobacteria cocci, bacillus, or spirillium?
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bacillus.
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are cyanobacteria capable of photosynthesis?
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yes.
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what color are cyanobacteria?
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any color.
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what is meant by nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
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bacteria that take atmospheric nitrogen and converts it into nitrogen plants can use.
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what is a lichen?
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a partnership between fungus and cyanobacteria.
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what effect will the intoduction of high in phosphate levels have on cyanobacteria population of a lake?
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the bloom will occur.
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what effect will a bloom have on cyanobacteria survivability?
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decrease.
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what effect will a bloom have on oxygen concentration on the lake?
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decrease.
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what effect will a bloom have on the fish population on the lake?
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decrese.
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are organisms belonging to the domain archea prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
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prokaryotic.
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what type of environment do archaea live in?
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an extreme environment.
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are archaea chemoautotrophs or photoautotrophs?
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chemoautotrophs.
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are archaea photosynthetic?
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no.
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are archaea parasitic?
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yes.
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what are 3 types of archaea?
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methanogens, halophiles, and thermoacidophiles.
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what are characteristics of methanogens?
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produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anoxic conditions.
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in what type of environment are methanogens found?
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swamps, marshes, and intestinal tracs of humans and animals.
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what are the characteristics of hapophiles?
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organisms that thrive in environments with very high concentrations of salt.
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what are the characteristics of thermoacidophiles?
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They are specially resistant to high temperatures and high acid concentrations. They have a plasma membrane which contains high amounts of saturated fats, and its enzymes are able to withstand extreme conditions without denaturation.
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in what type of environment are thermoacidophiles found?
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They live mostly in hot springs and/or within deep ocean vent communities.
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kingdom protista is part of what domain?
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eukarya.
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what is the ecological importance of the members of the kingdom protista?
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they give off oxygen and function as producers.
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what are the 3 main categories of kingdom protista based on their food acquision?
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photoautotrophs, heterotrophs (by ingestion), heterotrophs (by absorption).
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give an example of an aquatic photosynthesizer...
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the algaes.
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what is a photoautotroph?
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organism able to synthesize organic materials.
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what are 6 phyla in the kingdom protista that are photoautotrophs?
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chlorophyta, rhodophytal, phaeophyta, chrysophyta, pyrrophyta, and euglenophyta.
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give 6 examples or photoautotrophs?
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green algae, red algae, brown algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, and euglenoids.
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what type of organisms belong to the phylum chlorophyta?
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green algae.
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give an example of green algae:
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seaweed.
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what type of organisms belong to the phylum rhodophyta?
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red algae.
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do red algae live in fresh water or salt water?
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salt water.
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do red algae live in warm water or colder water?
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warm water.
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are red algae economically important?
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yes.
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what commonly used substance is made of red algae?
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agar.
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what is agar?
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a gelatin-like product made from the algae gelidium and gracilaria.
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give 8 uses of agar:
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capsals for vitamins, dental impressions, base for cosmetics, food preparation, a solidifying agent for bacterial cultural medium, a gel for electrophoresis
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what type of organisms belong to phylum phaeophyta?
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brown algae.
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are brown algaes usually small or large forms?
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they range in size.
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are brown algae found in shallow water water along the coast line, in deep waters, anchored, or free floating?
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both the coastline, deep waters, anchored, and free floating.
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what commonly used substance is derived from brown algae?
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algin.
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what is algin?
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pectinlike material added to products to give them a stable smooth consistency.
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whta are some of the common uses for algin?
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icecream, sherbert, creamcheese, etc.
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what is the most numerous unicellular algae in the oceans?
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diatoms.
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what type of organisms belong to the phylum chrysophyta?
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diatoms.
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what are some uses for diatoms?
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soil additives, incectisides, filter aid, sound proofing, gental abrasives, etc.
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what is diatomaceous earth?
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fossilized remains of diatoms, a type of hard-shelled algae.
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are dinoflagellates unicellular or multicellular?
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unicellular.
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how many flagella do dinoflagellates have?
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2.
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describe the structure of dinoflagellates...
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unicellular, cellulos plates, 2 flagella, part of phytoplankton.
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what is the importance of dinoflagellates to marine environments?
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they are producers.
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what happens if there is a growth explosion of dinoflagellates?
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a red tide will occur.
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what is a red tide?
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a phenomenon cause by an increased number of dinoflagellates.
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how does a red tide affect fish?
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kills them.
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how does a red tide affect humans?
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if they eat the infected fish they will become paralized.
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what type of organisms belong to the phylum euglenophyta?
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euglenoids.
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do euglenoids live in fresh water or salt water?
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fresh water.
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are euglenoids photosynthesizers or absorbers?
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both.
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what structure does euglenoids have to have since they're photosynthesizers?
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they have to contain chlorophyll.
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green algae belongs in what phylum?
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chlorophyta.
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red algae belongs in what phylum?
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rhodophyta.
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brown algae belongs in what phylum?
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phaeophyta.
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diatoms belong in what phylum?
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chrysophyta.
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dinoflagellates belong in what phylum?
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pyrrophyta.
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euglenoids belong in what phylum?
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euglenophyta.
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how do organisms that are "heterotrophs by ingestion" obtain their food?
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through other organisms.
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what are 8 phyla that are heterotrophs by ingestion?
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zoomastigophora, rhizopoda, foraminifera, actinopoda, ciliphora, aplomplexa, myxomycota, and acrasiomycota.
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what type of organisms belong to the phylum zoomastigophora?
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zooflagellates.
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are zooflagalletes, symbiotic, parasitic, or both?
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they are both symbiotic and parasitic.
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give 2 examples of zooflagalletes:
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trypansomes and giardia.
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how are trypanosomes transmitted?
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tse tse fly.
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what sickness do the tse tse fly cause?
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african sleeping sickness.
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what symptoms do trypanosomes cause in humans?
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death.
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how are giardia transmitted?
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drinking infected water.
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what symptoms do giardia cause in humans?
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nausea and diarehea.
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what type of organisms belong to the phylum rhizopodia?
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amoeboids.
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what is a pseudopod?
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it forms when cytoplasm streams forward in a particular direction.
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what is an example of an amoeboid?
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?
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how does a pseudopod be used to assist in the acquisition for food?
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the pseudopods surround and phagocytize their prey.
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what type of organisms belong to the phylum ciliophora?
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ciliates.
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what category of protozoans are the most complex and diverse?
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paramicium.
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how do ciliates move?
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cillia.
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give a common example of a ciliate:
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paramicium.
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what is meant by "sessile"?
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tend to stay in one place.
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what type of organisms belong to the phylum apicomyplexa?
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sporozoans.
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what do sporozoans produce at some point in their livecycle?
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spores.
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what is a "spore" used for?
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developing into new organism without fussion with another cell.
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give 2 examples of a sporozoan:
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pnemonocystis carnii and plasmodium vivax.
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what organism causes malaria?
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plasmodium vivax.
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explain the actions of plasmodium vivax:
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the paracite eats the hemaglobin out of the red blood cells depriving it of oxygen.
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what type of organisms belong to the phylum myxomycota?
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plasmodial slime molds.
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how does a plasmodial slime mold survive a drought?
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develops many sporangia.
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give an example of a "heterotroph by absorption"?
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plasmodium.
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what is plasmodium?
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genus of the protozoan parasite that causes malaria .
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explain the actions of plasmodium vivax:
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the paracite eats the hemaglobin out of the red blood cells depriving it of oxygen.
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what type of organisms belong to the phylum myxomycota?
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plasmodial slime molds.
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how does a plasmodial slime mold survive a drought?
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develops many sporangia.
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give an example of a "heterotroph by absorption"?
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plasmodium.
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what is plasmodium?
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genus of the protozoan parasite that causes malaria .
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how does a plasmodial slime mold survive a drought?
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develops many sporangia.
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what type of organisms belong to the phylum acrasiomycota?
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cellular slim molds.
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what type of organisms belong to the phylum oomycota?
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water molds.
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where do water molds usually live? can they be found in other types of environments?
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water,yes.
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how do water molds usually acquire nutrients?
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breakdown of dead organisms.
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what major catastrophy was caused by a water mold in 1840's?
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potato famine.
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how does a saprotrophic organism acquire its food?
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they absorb it.
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what phylum do the water molds belong to?
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oomycota.
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what phylum do zooflagellates belong to?
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zoomastigophora.
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what phylum do trypanosomes belong to?
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zoomastigophora.
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what phylum do giardia belong to?
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zoomastigophora.
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what phylum do amoeba belong to?
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rhizopoda.
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what phylum do ciliates belong to?
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ciliophora.
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what phylum do paramecium belong to?
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ciliophora.
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what phylum do sporozoans belong to?
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apicomplexa.
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what phylum do pneumocystis carnii belong to?
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apicomplexa.
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what phylum do plasmodium vivax belong to?
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apicomplexa.
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what phylum do plasmodial slime molds belong to?
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myxomycota.
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what phylum does cellular slime molds belong to?
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acrasiomycota.
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do fungi have chlorophyll?
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no.
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are fungi capable of photosynthesis?
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no.
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give some examples of fungi:
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yeast, mushrooms, morsels, and truffles.
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fungi belong to what kingdom?
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fungi.
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what is the general importance of fungi?
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decomposition and delacacies.
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are most fungi multicellular or single cellular?
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multicellular.
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give an example of a singe cellular fungi:
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yeast.
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in terms of the manner in which they obtain their food, how are most fungi classified?
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they absorb their food.
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are fungi econcomically important? how?
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yes,
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what is a mycelium?
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the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae.
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what is a hyphate?
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any of the threadlike filaments forming the mycelium of a fungus.
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what phylum do zygospore fungi belong to?
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zygomycota.
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are the zygospore fungi saprotrophic, photosynthetic, or hetertrophic ingesters?
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saphotrophic.
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give an example of zygospore fungi:
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the black bread mold, rhizopus.
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define stolon:
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stem that grows horizontally along the ground.
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define rhizoid:
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hair that anchors a plant and absorbs minerals an water from soil.
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define sporangiophore:
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grown out of the stolon and contains sporangium.
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define sporangium:
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structure that produces spores.
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what phylum do the sac fungi belong to?
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ascomycota.
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is the sac fungi saprotrophic, photosynthetic, or heterotrophic ingesters?
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saprotrophic.
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how are the sac fungi ecologically important?
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causes crop lose and deseases.
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give some examples of the sac fungi:
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peach leaf curl and powdery mildew.
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give some examples of the sac fungi that are considered gourmet delicacies:
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truffles and morsals.
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what is brewer's yeast used for?
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ferment carbohydrates when it comes into contact with them, forming a froth of carbon dioxide which can ferment grains into beer and cause bread to rise.
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what phylum do the club fungi belong to?
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basidiomycota.
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what is the visible part of a club fungi?
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the basidiocap.
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give some examples of a club fungi:
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mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi, etc.
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basidium is...
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A small club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the ends of minute projections.
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basidiospore is...
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A sexually produced fungal spore borne on a basidium.
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basidiocarp is...
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A basidium-bearing structure found in such basidiomycetous fungi as mushrooms and puffballs.
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"smuts" and "rusts" are found where?
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on crops of corn, wheat, oats, and rye.
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why do "smuts" and "rusts" have such a big economic impact?
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they cause large crop loses every year, losing lots of money.
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what phylum do "imperfect fungi" belong to?
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dueteromycota.
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give some examples of imperfect fungi:
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penicellum, aspergillas
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what are some ways in which imperfect fungi are benificial?
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antibiotics, cheese, soysauce, and miso.
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what are some ways in which imperfect fungi are harmful?
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respirtory desease, athletes food, and ringworm.
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what is aflatoxin?
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most potent natural carcinogin.
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under what condiditons is aflatoxin produced?
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moist.
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lichens are composed of what 2 organisms?
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fungi and cyanobacterium.
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describe the structure or organization of a lichen:
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hyphae that hold onto algal cells.
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describe the types of environments in which lichens can live:
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where nothing else can live.
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describe the benifits of lichens:
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produce and improve soil.
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give 4 of the phylums that belong to the kingdom fungi:
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zygomycota, ascomycota, basidomycota, and dueteromycota.
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give 4 of the phylums that belong to the kingdom fungi:
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zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota, and dueteromycota.
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