Biology 1307 Test 1 Vocobulary

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Evolution

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genetic change in a population over time

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Lyell's Principles of Geology

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• Earth was very old and over time present day species have arisen from ancestral species by natural processes

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Buffon

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looked at similarities in leg bones

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Lamarckism

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inheritance of acquired traits

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Alfred Wallace

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also noted for the idea of Natural Selection

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Natural Selection

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• The primary mechanism of evolutionary change producing adaptation of organisms to their environment

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Components of Natural Selection

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1. Variation
2. Heritability
3. Competition
4. Differential Reproduction

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Artificial Selection

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selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits

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Hardy-Weinberg Principle

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• Shuffling of genes that occurs during sexual reproduction by itself cannot change the overall genetic makeup of a population

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Components of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

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1. Large Population
2. No gene flow
3. No mutations
4. Random mating
5. No natural selection

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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Equation

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p² + 2pq + q² = 1

p = A
q = a

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Biodiversity

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variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth

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Three Domains life is classified in

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Domain Archae, Domain Bacteria, Domain Eukarya

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Kingdoms of Domain Eukarya

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Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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Species

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population or group of populations whose members possess similar characteristics and have the ability to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

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Speciation

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emergence of new species

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Polyploid Speciation

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multiplication of the chromosome number due to errors in cell division; common in plants

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Macroevolution

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Evolutionary change on a grand scale

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When was Earth formed?

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4.6 billion years ago

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Earth's early atmosphere was considered to be

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Reducing

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Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis

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proposed that organic molecules could have formed on the early Earth; early Earth likely had a reducing atmosphere, 'prebiotic soup’

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Adaptation

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inherited character that enhances an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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Four Types of Adaptation

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1. Behavioral
2. Structural
3. Biochemical
4. Physiological

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Competition

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population produces more offspring than can survive

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Variation

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traits within the population are different

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Heritability

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individuals that survive better will reproduce and pass their superior genes to the next generation

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Differential Reproduction

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individuals with favorable traits leave behind more offspring (strong survive)

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Paleontologist

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study fossils/layers of earth

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Homology

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similarity in characteristics that result from common ancestry

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Analogous

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same function but didn't come from a common ancestor

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Convergent Evolution

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specific trait evolved independently from one another because they have no common ancestor

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Comparative Embryology

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comparison of early stages of development among different organisms

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Gene flow

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movement of individuals or gametes between populations; can alter allele frequency in a population

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Biogeography

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past and present geographic distribution of organisms

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Population

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group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

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Microevolution

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change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a gene pool over time

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Mutation

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ultimate source of variation

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Diploidy

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preserves the variation by "hiding" recessive alleles

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Heterozygote advantage

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heterozygotes have greater reproductive success than homozygotes

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Frequency-dependent Selection

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two different phenotypes are maintained in a population

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Bottleneck effect

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leads to a loss of genetic diversity when a population is greatly reduced

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Founder effect

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occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population which results in composition of the new population's gene pool being different from the original one

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Altering Variation

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maintains stable frequency of two or more phenotypes in a population

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Prezygotic barrier

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prevents mating or fertilization

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Types of Prezygotic barriers

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1. temporal
2. habitat
3. behavioral
4. mechanical
5. gametic

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Postzygotic barrier

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prevents the development of fertile adults

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Reduced hybrid viability

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don't develop to sexual maturity; don't reproduce

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Reduced hybrid fertility

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sterile; no functional gametes

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Hybrid breakdown

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hybrids are weak and infertile

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Ring species

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single species encompasses a lot of phenotypes

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Allopatric species

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formation of new species in a population that are geographically isolated

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Sympatric species

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new species that develop that live in the same area

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Punctuated equilibrium

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long periods where species is static and a sudden change occurs

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Gradualism model

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species have intermediates as the become adapted; long term

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Carolus Linnaeus

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came up with Binomial Nomenclature to designate species

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Hadean Eon

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Formation of Earth

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Archean Eon

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origin of life; prokaryotes; 3.8 bya

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Proterotoic Eon

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Eukaryotes evolved and several animal phyla; 2.5 bya

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Paleozoic Fauna

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first animals to colonize land

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Modern Fauna

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contemporary animals we have now

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Adaptive radiation

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period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill new or vacant ecological roles in their communities

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Ordovician-Silurian

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440 mya, Large glaciation/sea level fall

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Late Devonian

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365 mya; Siljan crater

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Permian-Triassic

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Worst Mass extinction; 250 mya; Bedout Crater and Flood Basalts; One continent, global warming, low oxygen conditions

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End Triassic

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210 mya, Manicouagan Crater and Flood basalts

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Cretaceous-Tertiary

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65 mya, Chixculub crater and flood basalts