Biology 124 Final

Front 1

Axon

Back 1

Generates impulses away from the cell body

Front 2

Axon Hillock

Back 2

where the axon attaches to the cell body

Front 3

Dendrites

Back 3

conduct impulses towards the cell body

Front 4

Nucleus

Back 4

Located within the cell body, has a large

nucleoiis

Front 5

Cell body

Back 5

Nissil Bodies - Rough ER

Neurofibrils - cytoskeleton

Front 6

Schwann Cell

Back 6

forms myelin sheath in PNS

Front 7

Node of Ranvier

Back 7

gaps in myelin sheath

Front 8

What are the two systems of the nervous system and what organs do they contain

Back 8

- Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord

- Peripheal Nervous System (PNS): nerves that extend from spinal cord and brain stem

Front 9

What forms the myelin sheath in PNS

Back 9

Schwann Cells

Front 10

What forms the myelin sheath in CNS

Back 10

oligodendrites

Front 11

Tracts

Back 11

bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS

Front 12

Nerves

Back 12

bundles of neurons

Front 13

Gray matter

Back 13

cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

Front 14

white matter

Back 14

collection of mylelinated fibers

Front 15

nuclei

Back 15

clusters of cell bodies in white matter

Front 16

ganglion

Back 16

cell bodies outside CNS

Front 17

Interneurons (associated neurons)

Back 17

Located between motor and sensory pathways that shuttle signals through CNS. Make up 99% of neurons in the body. Are multipolar

Front 18

Types of CNS Neuroglial Cells

Back 18

- Astrocytes

- Microglial

- Ependymal

- Oligodendrites

Front 19

Astrocytes

Back 19

support and brace the neurons and anchor them to nutrient supply lines

Front 20

Microglial

Back 20

monitor the of nearby neurons, if a neuron die the microglial cells turn into phagocytes and eat the debri

Front 21

Ependymal

Back 21

line the brain and spinal cord to form fairly permeable barriers between the cerebrospinal fluid and tissue fluid

Front 22

Oligodendrites

Back 22

form myelin sheath

Front 23

Neuroglial Cells in PNS

Back 23

- Satelitte

- Schwann

Front 24

Satelitte

Back 24

surroind neuron cell bodies and function like astrocytes

Front 25

Schwaan

Back 25

form myelin sheath

Front 26

Functional Neurons (definiton)

Back 26

groups of neurons according to the direction in which nerve impulses travel relative to CNS

Front 27

Functional Neurons (types)

Back 27

- Sensory

- Motor

- Interneuron

Front 28

Sensory Neurons

Back 28

transmit in skin towards CNS

Front 29

Motor Neurons

Back 29

transmit to organs away from CNS

Front 30

Interneuron

Back 30

transmit through CNS

Front 31

Benefits of myelinated axons

Back 31

increases transmission speed of nerve impulses

Front 32

Where are bipolar neurons most commonly found

Back 32

retina of eye and olfactory mucosa

Front 33

Action Potential sequence of events

Back 33

1) Resting

2) Depolarization

3) Repolarization

4) Hyperpolarization

Front 34

Action Potential: Resting phase

Back 34

Both gated Na and K channels are closed, only leakage gates remain open

Front 35

Action Potential: Depolarization Phase

Back 35

local currents depolarize axon membrane, sodium channels open and Na rushes into cell, the influx of positive charge opens more Na channels and depolarizes cell

Front 36

Action Potential: Repolarization Phase

Back 36

Na channels close, K channels open and K leaves the cell, returning it to negative levels

Front 37

Action Potential: Hyperpolarization Phase

Back 37

Few K channels stay open, Na channels reset by changing shape to re-open activation gates

Front 38

All - or - none phenomenon

Back 38

It either happens completely or it doesnt happen at all. When enough Na enters the cell it reaches a threshold point which determines whether the stimulus continues

Front 39

Graded potential

Back 39

short lived, localized changes in the membrane potential that can either be depolarized or hyperpolarized. Triggered by change in the neurons environment that opens gated ion channels

Front 40

Saltatory Conduction

Back 40

the triggering of an all or none response at a gap in the myelin sheath by electrical signals

Front 41

What is a synaptic cleft

Back 41

a fluid filled space between junctions

Front 42

Regions of the brain

Back 42

- Cerebrum

- Diecephalon

- brainstem

- cerebellum

Front 43

Cerebrum

Back 43

- Cortex/ gray matter

- Basal Nuclei

Front 44

Diecephalon

Back 44

- Thalmus

- Hypothalmus

- Limbic System

Front 45

Cortex/gray matter function

Back 45

interprets sensory inputs, controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity, emotional processing

Front 46

Basal Nuclei

Back 46

controls skeletal muscle movements

Front 47

Thalmus

Back 47

relays sensory inputs, relays motor impulses, involved memory

Front 48

Hypothalmus

Back 48

center of the autonomic nervous system, regulates the body temp, food intake, water, balance, thirst, regulates hormonal output to anterior pituary gland, acts as an endocrine organ

Front 49

Limbic System

Back 49

mediates emotional response

Front 50

Brain Stem

Back 50

- mid brain

- pons

medulla oblongata

- reticular formation

Front 51

Mid brain

Back 51

visual and auditory reflexes, motor center, nuceli for cranial nerves

Front 52

Cerebellum

Back 52

processes motor cortex, provides instruction for movement, responsible for proper balance and posture

Front 53

Somatic Sensory

Back 53

receives impluses from body's sensory receptors

Front 54

Motor area

Back 54

send impulses to skeletal muscles

Front 55

Broca's area

Back 55

ability to speak

Front 56

Dura Matter

Back 56

tough outer layers, double layered

Front 57

Arachroid matter

Back 57

middle layer, villi absorb spinal fluid

Front 58

Pia matter

Back 58

internal layer, clings to surface of the brain

Front 59

Production of Cerebralspinal fluid (CSF)

Back 59

formed by choroid plexus, which are capillaries in the brain, an forms a watery cushion to protect the brain. Circulates through arachnoid space, ventricles and central canal of spinal fluid

Front 60

Hydrocephalus

Back 60

CSF exerting pressure on brain because it hasnt drained properly

Front 61

concussion

Back 61

slight brain injury with no permanent damage

Front 62

contusion

Back 62

nervouse tissue destruction, does not regenerate

Front 63

cerebral edema

Back 63

swelling from inflammatory response, kills and compresses brain tissue

Front 64

hemiplegia

Back 64

one sided paralysis

Front 65

Aphasia

Back 65

damage to speech in left hemisphere

Front 66

Stroke

Back 66

ruptured blood vessel in brain, cuts off oxygen supply to tissue

Front 67

TIA

Back 67

temporary restriction of blood flow

Front 68

Parkinson's Disease

Back 68

degeneration of dopamine, releasing neurons o the substania nigra

Front 69

Corpus callosum

Back 69

largest section of white matter

Front 70

Medulla Oblongata

Back 70

relays sensory impulses from skin, controls heart rate and respiratory rate, relays information to cerebellum. Contains cranial nerves and is site of decussation

Front 71

Reticular activating system (RAS)

Back 71

found in brain stem, plays role in awake/sleep cycles, filters incoming sensory information

Front 72

Endoneurium

Back 72

surrounds each individual fiber

Front 73

Perineurium

Back 73

binds group of fibers into fasicles

Front 74

Epineurium

Back 74

binds groups of fasicles together

Front 75

How many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves are in the human body

Back 75

12 cranial and 31 spinal

Front 76

What is the cranial nerve that travels to the thoraci and abdominal cavities

Back 76

vagus nerves

Front 77

reflex arc

Back 77

reflexes that occur over neural pathways

Front 78

receptor

Back 78

reacts to stimulus

Front 79

sensory neuron

Back 79

carries message to integration center

Front 80

integration center

Back 80

processes information and directs motor output

Front 81

motor neuron

Back 81

carries message to an effector

Front 82

effector organ

Back 82

msucle or gland being stimulated

Front 83

patellar reflex

Back 83

simple knee jerk

Front 84

how many neurons are involved in the transmission of impulses in ANS

Back 84

two:

- preganglionic

- postganglionic

Front 85

cervical plexus

Back 85

phrenic nerve

Front 86

brachial nerve

Back 86

- axillary nerve

- median nerve

- radial nerve

- ulnar nerve

Front 87

Lumbar plexus

Back 87

femoral nerve

Front 88

sacral plexus

Back 88

sciatic nerve (largest nerve of the body)

Front 89

Ventral root

Back 89

contains motor fibers that come from the ventral horn neurons

Front 90

Dorsal root

Back 90

contains sensory fibers that come from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia

Front 91

Spinal Nerve

Back 91

short and divides dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

Front 92

Ventral Rami

Back 92

forms the nerve plexus

Front 93

Rami communicantes

Back 93

contain autonomic nerve fibers that lie at the base of the ventral ramus

Front 94

What are the two functioning nervous systems

Back 94

- sympathetic

- parasympathetic

Front 95

Sympathetic

Back 95

fight or flight

Front 96

parasympathetic

Back 96

resting and digestion

Front 97

Where are the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system

Back 97

Cranialsacral

Front 98

Where are the preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system

Back 98

Thoracolumbar

Front 99

Olfactory nerve

Back 99

transmits odors

Front 100

optic nerve

Back 100

transmits visual information

Front 101

oculomotor nerve

Back 101

controls 4 of the 6 muscles that move the eyeball

Front 102

trochlear nerve

Back 102

controls the superior oblique muscle

Front 103

Trigeminal nerve

Back 103

controls feelings of facial skin and movement of the lower jaw

Front 104

abducens nerve

Back 104

controls movement of the lateral rectus muscles that moves the eyeball

Front 105

facial nerve

Back 105

controls the movement of the muscles of facial expression and sensory from taste of the anterior tongue

Front 106

vestibulocochlear nerve

Back 106

transmits sense of equilibrium information and hearing

Front 107

glossopharyngeal nerve

Back 107

controls throat muscles and sense of taste from posterior tongue, helps monitor blood pressure

Front 108

Vagus nerve

Back 108

controls muscles of throat and organs of the thoracic and abdominal regions and helps control blood pressure

Front 109

accessory nerve

Back 109

controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and muscles in the throat

Front 110

Hypoglossal nerve

Back 110

controls movement of the tongue in chewing, swallowing and speech