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62 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are the levels of life's organizations? What does it mean to say that the levels have emergent properties?

- Molecules & Cells,


- Organisms


- Populations and Ecosystems

Define scientific fact

An observation that's been confirmed and for all practical purposes as true.

Define hypothesis

A statement that explains a phenomenon or a set of observations.

Define theory

Explanation for a very general class of phenomenon or observations that are supported by a wide body of science.

Define scientific law

Descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstance.

Define testable

collect evidence

Define falsifiable

could be wrong

define tentative

ongoing process

discovery science

- describes/measures nature.


- based on observations.

hypothesis driven science

- explains nature.


- relies on experimentation.

2 competing hypothesis' in Pasteur's experiment

- alt: cells arise from preexisting cells.


- null: cells arise spontaneously.

results of Pasteur's experiment

all cells come from preexisting cells

define null and alternative hypothesis

alt is what you want, null is what you dont want.

define independent variable

what you manipulate (blue dye)

define dependent variable

what you measure (depends on experiment) (growth, color)

define replication

repeat experiment to determine accuracy of data

define energy

the capacity to do work or supply heat

macroscopic manifestations of energy

sunlight, sound, thermal, nuclear, chemical, mechanical, electrical, etc.

microscopic forms of energy

potential and kinetic

define potential energy

stored energy

define kinetic energy

energy of motion

define thermal energy

kinetic energy of molecular motion

energy transformations

bioluminescence, light striking retina, composting

1st law of thermodynamics

1.) energy is conserved (cant be created or destroyed, only transferred and transformed)

2nd law of thermodynamics

- entropy always increases in an isolated system


- entropy: amount of disorder in a system

define ecosystem

consists of all the organisms in a particular region, along with nonliving components.

define abiotic factors

non-living components (air, water, soil)

define biotic factors

living components (interactions with other organisms) (competition, mutualism, parasitism, and predation)

ultimate source of energy

sunlight

fate of energy that enters an ecosystem

only 1% of sunlight is transformed by plants

define food chain

one possible pathway of energy flow with trophic levels

define food web

show complexity of food relationships and energy flow

define npp

- net primary productivity.


- total amt. of chemical potential energy stored in organic materials.

define gpp

- gross primary productivity.


- total amt. of chemical energy produced (growth, reproduction, cellular respiration)

formula for npp and gpp

npp = gpp - R



R= energy used in cellular respiration.

oparin and haldane's chemical evolution theory states:

- early earth conditions were reducing


- inorganic molecules could have reacted in the presence of a source of energy to form larger organic molecules.

how long ago did earth form?

4.5 billion years ago

early earth atmosphere elements:

H2, N2, C02

what factors necessary for chemical evolution?

- lots of energy


- sunlight


- lightning

early earth matter:

nickel, iron

first thing to come about?

replication

miller and urey experiment:

- question: can simple molecules occur from gases?


- result: formaldyhide, HCN

2 characteristics of biological evolution:

pattern, process

what does the tree of life represent?

cell theory and theory of evolution.


All species come from preexisting species.

3 major domains of life:

(Prokaryotes) Bacteria, Archea. Eukarya

4 parts to natural selection:

- variation: individuals vary in traits. (mutations)


- heritability: traits can be passed down to offspring.


- selection: individuals with particular traits survive better and more offspring. (adaptation)


- evolutionary change in population: frequency of traits that affect populations.

4 most common elements:

C, O, H, N

3 chemical bonds:

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

ionic bonds

electrons are transferred.


- oppositely charged atoms = ions

covalent bonds

electrons are shared.

non-polar covalent and polar covalent bonds

- non polar: electrons shared equally. (neutral)


- polar: electrons not shared equally. (charged)

define electronegativity:

affinity (pull) of an atom for electrons.


high e.neg. hold electrons more tightly, giving them partial charges (polar)

electron sharing continuum:

- non polar: = sharing of electrons. (no charge)


- polar: un= sharing of electrons. (partial charge)

define cohesion:

water molecules stick to eachother

define adhesion:

water molecules stick to other surfaces

define specific heat:

amt. of energy needed to raise temp. of 1 g. of a substance by 1 degree celsius.

why does ice float?

water is less dense as a solid. expands when cooled.

hydropholic=

polar

hydrophobic=

non-polar

why is water an excellent solvent?

due to polar covalent bonds w/in water molecules. O has partial - charge. H has partial + charge.

hydropholic and water?

attracted

hydrophobic and water?

unattracted