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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the levels of life's organizations? What does it mean to say that the levels have emergent properties? |
- Molecules & Cells, - Organisms - Populations and Ecosystems |
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Define scientific fact |
An observation that's been confirmed and for all practical purposes as true. |
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Define hypothesis |
A statement that explains a phenomenon or a set of observations. |
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Define theory |
Explanation for a very general class of phenomenon or observations that are supported by a wide body of science. |
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Define scientific law |
Descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstance. |
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Define testable |
collect evidence |
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Define falsifiable |
could be wrong |
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define tentative |
ongoing process |
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discovery science |
- describes/measures nature. - based on observations. |
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hypothesis driven science |
- explains nature. - relies on experimentation. |
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2 competing hypothesis' in Pasteur's experiment |
- alt: cells arise from preexisting cells. - null: cells arise spontaneously. |
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results of Pasteur's experiment |
all cells come from preexisting cells |
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define null and alternative hypothesis |
alt is what you want, null is what you dont want. |
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define independent variable |
what you manipulate (blue dye) |
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define dependent variable |
what you measure (depends on experiment) (growth, color) |
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define replication |
repeat experiment to determine accuracy of data |
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define energy |
the capacity to do work or supply heat |
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macroscopic manifestations of energy |
sunlight, sound, thermal, nuclear, chemical, mechanical, electrical, etc. |
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microscopic forms of energy |
potential and kinetic |
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define potential energy |
stored energy |
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define kinetic energy |
energy of motion |
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define thermal energy |
kinetic energy of molecular motion |
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energy transformations |
bioluminescence, light striking retina, composting |
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1st law of thermodynamics |
1.) energy is conserved (cant be created or destroyed, only transferred and transformed) |
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2nd law of thermodynamics |
- entropy always increases in an isolated system - entropy: amount of disorder in a system |
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define ecosystem |
consists of all the organisms in a particular region, along with nonliving components. |
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define abiotic factors |
non-living components (air, water, soil) |
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define biotic factors |
living components (interactions with other organisms) (competition, mutualism, parasitism, and predation) |
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ultimate source of energy |
sunlight |
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fate of energy that enters an ecosystem |
only 1% of sunlight is transformed by plants |
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define food chain |
one possible pathway of energy flow with trophic levels |
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define food web |
show complexity of food relationships and energy flow |
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define npp |
- net primary productivity. - total amt. of chemical potential energy stored in organic materials. |
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define gpp |
- gross primary productivity. - total amt. of chemical energy produced (growth, reproduction, cellular respiration) |
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formula for npp and gpp |
npp = gpp - R
R= energy used in cellular respiration. |
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oparin and haldane's chemical evolution theory states: |
- early earth conditions were reducing - inorganic molecules could have reacted in the presence of a source of energy to form larger organic molecules. |
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how long ago did earth form? |
4.5 billion years ago |
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early earth atmosphere elements: |
H2, N2, C02 |
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what factors necessary for chemical evolution? |
- lots of energy - sunlight - lightning |
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early earth matter: |
nickel, iron |
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first thing to come about? |
replication |
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miller and urey experiment: |
- question: can simple molecules occur from gases? - result: formaldyhide, HCN |
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2 characteristics of biological evolution: |
pattern, process |
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what does the tree of life represent? |
cell theory and theory of evolution. All species come from preexisting species. |
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3 major domains of life: |
(Prokaryotes) Bacteria, Archea. Eukarya |
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4 parts to natural selection: |
- variation: individuals vary in traits. (mutations) - heritability: traits can be passed down to offspring. - selection: individuals with particular traits survive better and more offspring. (adaptation) - evolutionary change in population: frequency of traits that affect populations. |
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4 most common elements: |
C, O, H, N |
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3 chemical bonds: |
ionic, covalent, hydrogen |
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ionic bonds |
electrons are transferred. - oppositely charged atoms = ions |
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covalent bonds |
electrons are shared. |
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non-polar covalent and polar covalent bonds |
- non polar: electrons shared equally. (neutral) - polar: electrons not shared equally. (charged) |
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define electronegativity: |
affinity (pull) of an atom for electrons. high e.neg. hold electrons more tightly, giving them partial charges (polar) |
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electron sharing continuum: |
- non polar: = sharing of electrons. (no charge) - polar: un= sharing of electrons. (partial charge) |
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define cohesion: |
water molecules stick to eachother |
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define adhesion: |
water molecules stick to other surfaces |
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define specific heat: |
amt. of energy needed to raise temp. of 1 g. of a substance by 1 degree celsius. |
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why does ice float? |
water is less dense as a solid. expands when cooled. |
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hydropholic= |
polar |
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hydrophobic= |
non-polar |
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why is water an excellent solvent? |
due to polar covalent bonds w/in water molecules. O has partial - charge. H has partial + charge. |
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hydropholic and water? |
attracted |
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hydrophobic and water? |
unattracted |