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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
archaea
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one of two prokaryote domains the other beign bacteria
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biology
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the scientific study of life
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cell theory
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all cells come from other cells
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deductive reasoning
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is used in testing hypothesis
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domain
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a taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are- archaea, bacteria and eukarya
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eukarya
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more complex organells, plant and animal cells
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heiarchy of biological oganization
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biosphere,ecosystem,community,population, organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, molecules
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hypothesis
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guess, tenative answer to some questio- an explanation on trial
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inductive reasoning
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important conclutions generlization that summerizes many cncurent observations
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negative feedback
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primary mechanism of homeostasis whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a responce that couteracts the initial fluctuation
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positive feedback
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physiological control mechanism in which a change in some varriable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change
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prediction
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guess at the outcome of an experiment
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prokaryote
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simpiler, less genetic material, smaller bacteria
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reductionism
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reducing complex to study simpler components- mechanistic, looking at all the parts
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science
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"to know" Latin
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steps of the scientific method
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observations>> questions>> hypothesis>> prediction>> test>>
(know the diagram) |
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theory
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much broader scope- very comprehensive explanation supported by abundant evidence contrasts w/ our everyday usage
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atom
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the smallest particle of an element
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chenical bond
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atoms stay close together held by attractions
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chemical equalibrium
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in a reversible chemical reaction the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate if the reverse reaction
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chemical reaction
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process leading to chemical changes in matter. involves making and breaking of chemical bonds
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compound
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chemical elements combine in fixed ratios to form compounds
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covalent bond
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the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms ----- stongest kind of chemical bond
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electronshell
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energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom
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electron
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move at nealy the speed of light form a cloud around the nucleus
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electronegativity
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attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
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element
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a substnce that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means
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energy level
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the different states of potential energy that electrons have in an atom
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energy
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the ability to do work
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hydrogen bond
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weak chemical bond- but CRUCIAL. Form when a hydrogen bond atom covalently bondes to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electonegative atom
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ion
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a charged atom
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ionic bond
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because of their opposite charges, cations and anions attract eachother
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ionic compound
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compounds formed by ionic bonds also called salts
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isotope
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one of several atomic forms of an element each containing a different number of neutrons thus differing in atomic mass
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molecular formula
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a type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms
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molecule
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two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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neutron
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electcally neutral particle found in the neucleus of an stom
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non polar covalent bond
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type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electonegativity
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product
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an ending material in a chemical recation
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proton
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subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom
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radioactive isotope
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an isotope that is unstable, the nucleus decays spontansously giving off detectable particles of energy
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reactant
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a starting material in a chemical reaction
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structual formula
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type of molecular notation in which the constituant atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds
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trace element
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an element indispensible for life, but required in extremly minute amounts
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valence
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the bonding capacity of an atom generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atoms outermost shell
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van der Waals
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everchanging "hot spots" of positive abd negative that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another- they are weak and only occur when atoms and molecules are very close together
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acid
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a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
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adhesion
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the attraction between diferent kinds of molecules
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aqueous solution
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solution in which water is the solvent
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base
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any substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
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buffer
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resists changes to the pH of a solution when H+ or OH- is added to the solution
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calorie
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the amount of heat energy reqired to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1'C, also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releses when it cools by 1'C. The calorie usually used to indicate the energy content of food is a kilocalorie
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cohesion
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binding together of like molecules often by hydrogen bonds
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heat
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total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form
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hydrogen shell
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sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
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hydrogen ION
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single proton w/ a charge of +1, the dissociaton of water moleclues leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion OH- and a hydrogen ion H+
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hydrophilic
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having an affinity for water
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hydrophobic
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having an aversion to water, tending to coalesce to form droplets in water
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kinetic energy
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energy of motion which is directly related to the speed of that motion
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molarity
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common measure of solute concentration referring to the # of moles of solute in 1 L of solution
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mole
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the number (mol) of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules
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pH
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a measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log (H+) and ranging in value from 0-14
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polar molecule
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a molecule (ie water)with opposite charges on opposite sides
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solute
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substance that is dissolved in a solution
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soltion
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homogeneous, liquid mixture of two or more substances
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solvent
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dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known
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specific heat
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amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change it's temperature by 1'C
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surface tention
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measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid is related to cohesion
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temperature
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measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules
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