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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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which functional groups make carbohydrates hydrophilics
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hydroxyl groups
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the relatively small size of monosaccharides allow them to perform what biological functions
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transfer easily, movement, ATP KREBS CELLULAR RESPERATION
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Can our cells make carbohydrates from co2
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no
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three disachs
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maltose sucrose and lactose
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the relatively small size of disaccharides allow them to perform what biological functions
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membrane permeability
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where is glycogen stored in our bodies
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muscles and liver
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what enable us to digest plant starch
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amylase
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why do plants use starch as an energy source at night
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no sun
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which carb is biodegradable and used for sutures
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chitin
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what is celluloses role
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support
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what is a monosachs primary function
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energy source think glucose!
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what is a disachs primary function
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food component
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what is the polysachs primary function
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energy storage
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what bond is the glycosidic link
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covalent
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oligosaccharides function
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Primary function: cell-cell recognition
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if no animals can make the enzyme cellulase how can some animals use it as a source of energy
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special digestive structures like extra stomachs, caecums, longer intestines, stomach bacteria that can break it down, these are structures that HERBIVORES like cows have.
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which type of carb is transported in blood
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monosachs
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what type of carbs are transported in flowers
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polysacharides
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what are the function of proteins
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dissolve other nutrients, transport, enery, store energy, and control chemical reactions
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what type of monomers are assembled to make up a polypeptide
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amino acid
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which contains all essential amino acids
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casein
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what factors affect the function of a protein
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the ability to recognize and bind to another molecule
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how do amino acids go through our cells
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diffusion
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what causes proteins to be denatured
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heat, pH, and solubility loss or enzyme loss electric or magnetic fields
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pathogenic prion has been
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denatured
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why is it bad if proteins denate
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because it causes degenerative diseases
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what is the function of a lipid
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cushion, energy, thermoregulation, and signaling
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three classes of lipids
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steroids, phospholipids, triglycerides
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what are the four lipid soluble vitamins
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D E A K
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D
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Bones
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E
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anti oxidant
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a
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vision
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K
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coagulation
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where is cholesterol found
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in the lipid portion of the bilaeyer
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primary function of triglycerol
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long term storage
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what role do lipids play
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regulate what enters and exits the cell, send signals to cells, make hormones
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how are lipids spread through the blood
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transport proteins
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hat makes triglycerides well suited for energy storage
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compact and store 9 cal/gram
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what does cholesterol do
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forms and maintains cell walls, helps adjust to temp., insulated nerve cells, synthesizes hormones
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what is the enzyme that joins nucleotides together to form rna
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rna polymerase
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what are disease causing agents the have a single stranded rna molecule
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viroids
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what does rna do
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informational structural and enzyme defens.
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what makes ribose more unstable in comparison to dna
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OH hydroxyl group
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how many strands does rna have
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one
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folic acid is vitamin
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B9
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what are the rna that catalyze biological reactions
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ribozymes
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what gives rna its electric charge
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the phosphate is negative
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why can most cells recognize and destroy double stranded RNA
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could be a sign of infection
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what is RNAi
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system within living cells that helps control which genes are active and how active they are
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what links dna nucleotides together to form dna
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dna polymerase
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what increases the stability in dna versus rna
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extra hydroxyl group and thymine and van der wals forces
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what is the complimentary base pairing of DNA
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A and T (2 bonds) C and G (3 bonds)
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what determines the reaction that occurs in the enzyme
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the active site
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what bonding does substrate and enzyme have
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ionic or h bond
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what causes the substrate to enter transition stage
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activation energy
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what part of the amino acid reacts with the active site to cause a reaction
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R groups
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what do cells use to coordinate thousands of chemical rx simultaneously so each rx occurs in the proper location time and amount of time
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enzymes
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allosteric regulation
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non competative
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what can cells not produce
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minerals
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what is sometimes necesserary for enzyme reaction?
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vitamins and minerals
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what is a catalyst that accelerates a chemical rx
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enzyme
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what are the two types of enzymes
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protein rna
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why do biological systems require enzymes 3 things
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-permit chemical rx to occur rapidly in a bioloical relevent time
-reduce EA --regulate timing and location |
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what do substrates turn into in the enzyme
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converted into product
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where is substrates converted into a product
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in the active site
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what can rapidly and reversibly regulate enzyme activity 2
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phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
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what aids with phosphorylation
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kinases
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what aids with dephosphorylation
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phosphatases
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which cofactor is required for blood clotting
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vitamin K
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which vitamin is necessary for carbohydrate metabolism
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B3 or Niacin and B1 Thiamin
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