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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the first step in mRNA degredation?
A.) nucleases chop up the mRNA B.) poly-A tail is eaten away by an enzyme C.) spliceosome function D.) alternative RNA splicing E.) Methylation of cytosine nucleotides in the RNA |
B.) poly-A tail is eaten away by an enzyme
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What is an important benefit the bacteria gain by using an operon?
A.) able to express the same amount from all the genes in the bacteria B.) grouping genes involved in the same process together so they can be all turned on or off at the same time increases efficiency C.) bacteria has to use less energy because each gene is individually precisely controlled D.) co-repressors and inducers are used to increase the energy consumed by the cell |
B.) grouping genes involved in the same process together so they can be all turned on or off at the same time increases efficiency
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Which of the following is not part of a bacterial operon?
A.) operator B.) promoter C.) enhancer D.) genes E.) all are part of the bacterial operon |
kikj
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Which of these is necessary for gene expression?
A.) Replication B.) Transcription C.) Translation D.) Cell Division E.) Population Genetics |
B.) Transcription
C.) Translation |
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Which (one or more) of the following is NOT part of the operon?
A.) Genes B.) RNA Polymerase C.) Promoter D.) Operator E.) Regultory Protein |
B.) RNA Polymerase
E.) Regulatory Protein |
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When eukaryotes regulate transcription initiation, they use ____ that bind to ______.
A.) enhancers - operators B.) co-repressors - repressors C.) activators - distal control elements D.) activators - promoters E.) transcription factors - operators |
C.) activators - distal control elements
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If a drug were created to block the methylation of C nucleotides that were present in a particular segment of DNA, what would be the most likely result?
A.) more transcription of the genes in that segment of DNA B.) less transcription of the genes in that segment of DNA C.) looser chromatin structure in that area D.) More stable mRNA molecules E.) all of the above |
A) more transcription of the genes in that segment of DNA
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Eukaryotes do not often organize genes with related functions into operons. Instead, several genes needed for a single pathway are usually controlled together by:
A.) the related genes are separately localized on the ends of all the chromosomes B.) having each related gene code for the same mRNA molecule C.) having the same general transcription factors bind to the promoter of each related gene D.) the presence of a central repressor that needs a co-repressor E.) having the same distal control elements in the enhancer region of each related gene |
E.) having the same distal control elements in the enhancer region of each related gene
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If an operon is regulated like the lac operon, then without the inducer present...
A.) the repressor is bound to the operator and the operon is off B.) the repressor is bound to the co-repressor and the operon is off C.) the repressor keeps the operon on and the operon's genes are transcribed D.) the repressor is inactive E.) the co-repressor is active |
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Why is an operon beneficial?
A.) it allows for the differential regulation of individual genes that encode for proteins with a common function. B.) it allows the coordinated regulation of a group of genes that encode proteins with a common function C.) it allows the separate regulation of individual genes that encode proteins with different functions D.) it allows the coordinated regulation of a group of genes that encode proteins with different functions |
B.) it allows the coordinated regulation of a group of genes that encode proteins with a common function
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Which of the following is an example of negative gene expression of an operon?
A.) inactive regulatory protein turns off transcription of the genes B.) regulatory protein causes genes to be transcribed C.) active regulatory protein neither allows nor disallows transcription of the genes to take place D.) active regulatory protein blocks transcription of the operon's genes |
D.) Active regulatory protein blocks transcription of the operon's genes
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If a particular operon encodes enzymes for making an essential amino acid (and is regulated like the trp operon) then
A.) the amino acid inactivates the repressor B.) the repressor is active in the absence of the amino acid C.) the amino acid acts as a co-repressor D.) the amino acid turns on transcription of the operon |
C.) the amino acid acts as a co-repressor
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In a repressible operon, the operator is usually...
A.) only bound by the repressor when the co-repressor is present B.) bound by the repressore unless the co-repressor is there C.) bound constantly by the repressor D.) only bound by the repressor when the co-repressor inactivates the repressor |
A.) only bound to the repressor when the co-repressor is present
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The role of a metabolite that controls a repressible operon is to
A.) bind to the promoter region and decrease the affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter B.) bind to the operator region and block the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter C.) increase the production of inactive repressor proteins D.) bind to the repressor protein and inactivate it E.) bind to the repressor protein and activate it |
E.) bind to the repressor protein and activate it
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When this is taken up by the cell, it binds to the repressor so that the repressor no longer binds to the operator:
A.) inducer B.) promoter C.) repressor D.) Co-repressor E.) operator |
A.) inducer
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Altering patterns of gene expression in prokaryotes would most likely help the organism's survival by:
A.) organizing gene expression so that genes are expressed in a given order B.) allowing each gene to be expressed an equal number of times C.) allowing the organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions D.) allowing environmental changes to alter the prokaryote's genome |
C.) allowing the organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions
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In which type of gene regulation does the active form of the regulatory protein turn ON transcription?
A.) positive B.) negative C.) repressible D.) lac operon E.) all of the above |
A.) positive
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In which type of operon is transcription usually on, but can be turned off if the co-repressor is present?
A.) co-repressor operon B.) lac operon C.) positive regulation operon D.) repressible operon E.) inducible operon |
D.) repressible operon
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For which type of operon does a small molecule inactivate the repressor?
A.) positive gene regulation B.) repressible operon C.) inducible operon D.) all types of operons |
C.) inducible operon
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In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, gene expression is primarily regulated at the level of:
A.) transcription B.) translation C.) mRNA stability D.) mRNA splicing E.) protein stability |
A.) transcription
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Which one of the following statements is true?
A.) when DNA is acetylated it increases DNA expression. B.) methyl groups added to DNA cause increased DNA expression C.) acetylation of histone proteins causes increased DNA expression D.) methylation of DNA bases causes increased acetylation of histone proteins and less DNA expression |
C.) acetylation of histone proteins causes increased DNA expression
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What is gene expression?
A.) translation B.) ribosome activity C.) making a functional product from a gene (usually a product is a protein) D.) always involves operons E.) making functional gene |
C.) making a functional product from a gene (usually product is a protein)
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What type of operon is usually OFF, but can be turned ON if the ______ is present?
A.) repressible -- co-repressor B.) inducible -- inducer C.) repressible -- inducer D.) inducible -- co-repressor E.) none of the above |
B.) inducible -- inducer
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What is the role of the co-repressor in an operon?
A.) binds directly to the operator and turns off the operon B.) binds to and inactivates the repressor C.) causes the repressor to activate and turn on the operon D.) activates the repressor, preventing transcription of the operon's genes E.) transcribe the genes of the operon |
D.) activates the repressor, preventing transcription of the operon's genes
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What happens when histone proteins get acetylated?
A.) DNA becomes more tightly wound around them B.) leads to more histone methylation and less gene expression C.) more gene expression. D.) less gene expression E.) DNA is less tightly wound around the histones |
C.) more gene expression
E.) DNA is less tightly wound around the histones |
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How are most genes in both bacteria and eukaryotes regulated?
A.) DNA methylation B.) operons C.) transcription initiation D.) RNA processing E.) translation initiation |
C.) transcription initiation
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What is the term for the inheritance of something NOT specified by the sequence of the DNA (the A,C,T,Gs)?
A.) non-gene inheritance B.) epigenetic inheritance C.) mutation inheritance D.) enhancer region inheritance |
B.) epigenetic inheritance
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What types of modifications can happen at the protein stage to change gene expression?
A.) poly A-tail length and 5' cap B.) protein processing C.) acetylation of histone proteins D.) alternative splicing E.) both B and C |
B.) protein processing
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The _______ binds to a site in the DNA far from the promoter to stimulate transcription:
A.) enhancer B.) promoter C.) activator D.) repressor E.) terminator |
C.) activator
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How do eukaryotes organize their genomes so that related genes are expressed at the same time?
A.) into operons, either positive or negative B.) the related genes are separately localized on the ends of all the chromosomes C.) having each related gene code for the same mRNA molecule D.) having the same distal control elements in the enhancer region of each related gene E.) havingt the same general transcription factors bind to the promoter of each reltaed gene |
D.) having the same distal control elements in the enhancer region of each related gene
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What are the four stages of development in the correct order (earliest to latest)?
A.) blastula, cleavage, organogenesis, organ development B.) cleavage, gastrulation, blastula, organogenesis C.) blastula, gastrulation, cleavage, organogenesis D.) cleavage, blastula, gastrulation, organogenesis E.) cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, fetal development |
D.) cleavage, blastula, gastrulation, organogenesis
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In an operon controlled by negative gene regulation, when a co-repressor binds to a repressor, what is the result?
A.) inactivation of the repressor; operon off B.) inactivation of the repressor; operon off C.) activation of the repressor; operon on D.) activation of the repressor; operon off E.) inducer inactivates co-repressor; operon on |
D.) activation of the repressor; operon off
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In the process of transcription initiation in eukaryotes, what does an activator bind to?
A.) distal control element B.) enhancer C.) promoter D.) operator E.) mediator proteins |
A.) distal control elements
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If a mutation destroys a critical gene for cell movement, what developmental process would you expect to be inhibited?
A.) fertilization B.) cleavage C.) formation of the blastocoel D.) gastrulation E.) both B and D |
D.) gastrulation
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What is the name for the fluid-filled cavity that forms inside an embryo of at least 128 cells?
A.) blastocoel B.) blastocyst C.) blastula D.) blastomere E.) empty hole |
A.) blastocoel
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Cells within animals differentiate into specific cell types (skin cell, nerve cell, muscle cell, etc.). What is the earliest stage of development where this process of differentiation probably starts?
A.) unfertilized egg B.) fertilized egg C.) cleavage D.) blastula E.) gastrula |
A.) unfertilized egg
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What is the first organ system to begin development during organogenesis?
A.) respiratory system B.) nervous system C.) musculoskeletal system D.) blood E.) endocrine system |
B.) nervous system
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What intracellular structure is necessary for proper neural tube development?
A.) cell wall B.) ribosomes C.) nucleus D.) cytoskeleton E.) endoplasmic reticulum |
D.) cytoskeleton
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After gastrulation, the layer that will later form the bone, blood, and muscles is known as the:
A.) ectoderm B.) mesoderm C.) endoderm D.) archenteron E.) blastocoel |
B.) mesoderm
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What type of cell movement is where sheets of outer cells roll inward over the dorsal lip and move inside the embryo?
A.) involution B.) invagination C.) epiboly D.) migration E.) local cell movements |
A.) involution
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Which one or more of the following is true about a master control gene?
A.) it controls an operon B.) a gene that when switched on immediately fully differentiates the cell C.) a gene that when switched off causes important changes to cell structure D.) when turned on, the master control gene's protein turns on multiple other genes that will then fully differentiate the cell to a particular cell type E.) determines a cell to be a single certain type |
D.) when turned on, the master control gene's protein turns on multiple other genes that will then fully differentiate the cell to a particular cell type
E.) determines a cell to be a single certain type |
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What is the most important way that cells become determined toward a particular fate?
A.) induction B.) cleavage C.) differentiation D.) inducible operon E.) organogenesis |
A.) induction
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What is the name at the normal gene that if it later becomes mutated it might lead to cancer?
A.) oncogene B.) proto-oncogene C.) BIO 1/2 D.) stem cell gene |
B.) proto-oncogene
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Which of the following is NOT a way that a proto-oncogene could likely contribute to cancer?
A.) duplication of the proto-oncogene B.) proto-oncogene has nonsense mutation right downstream of the promoter C.) translocation of a proto-oncogene to DNA by a new promoter D.) missense mutation of proto-oncogene, leading to over-active protein E.) point mutation in a control element, leading to over-production of the proto-oncogene |
B.) proto-oncogene has nonsense mutation right downstream of the promoter
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