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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deutrosomes
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The opening formed during gastrulation forms the anus. Deutrosomes includes chordates and echinoderms.
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Echinodermata
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Slow moving or sessile marine animals that are radially symmetrical as adults. Have endoskeletons and a water vascular system that aid in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange. Species include sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins
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Sea Star
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Echinoderms that are capable of re-generation of body parts. Mouth is centrally located on undersurface and eats using water vascular system.
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Sea Urchin
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Echinoderms that are spherical and have no arms using 5 rows of tube feet
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Chondrichthyes
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Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins that have a flexible skeleton made of cartilage. Have sharp vision and good sense of smell. Has electrosensors and a lateral line system that are sensitive to changes in water pressure.
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Osteichthyes
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Bony fish consisting of ray-finned and lobe finned fish. Have skeleton reinforced by calcium phosphate. Include most fish.
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Amphibia
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First tetrapods. Moist skin supplements their lungs for gas exchange. Most have poison glands. Some species are strictly terrestrial while others are strictly aquatic while others live in both environments. Includes frogs, salamanders, and caecilians
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Amniota
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Includes reptiles and mammals. These animals have amniotic egg inside of which the embryo develops within a protective fluid filled sac.
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Mammalia
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Animals that have hair and mammary glands distinguish this group of animals. They also are endothermic and have differentation of teeth for eating many types of food. Also generally have larger brain size. Three main types: Monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians
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Reptillia
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Reptiles have scales that prevent body from drying out. They also m ust obtain oxygen with lungs, not through skin. Most reptiles are ectothermic with the exception of birds. Ex: birds, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and snakes
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Monotremata
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Egg laying mammals and smallest group. Includes echidnas (spiny anteaters) and duck-billed platypus
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Aves
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Reptiles that evolved from dinosaurs. Highly adapted body for flight. Lack teeth, feathers have hollow shafts, bones are honey-combed in structure. Endothermic, good visison and large brain size
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Crocodylia
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Largest living reptiles although turtles are heavier. Spend most of the time out of water, and breathe through up-turned nostrils
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Tetrapoda
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Means four feet, are jawed vertebrates with limbs and feet that can suport their weight on land. Evolved from lobe-finned fish
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Canidae
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Dogs. Part of the Carnivora Family
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Carnivora
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275 speices of dogs, cats, skunk, weasel, raccoon, seals, sea lions
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Placental Mammal
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Composed of Marsupials and Eutherians. Species are born rather then hatched. During gestation a placenta allows a longer gestation period and allows nutrients and wastes to go between mother and embryo's blood
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Marsupial
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Brief gestation period and give birth to tiny, undeveloped offspring. Nursing young are carried in a pouch. Most marsupials are found in Austrailia, New Zeland, and North and South America
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Rodentia
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2025 species of rats, squirrels, woodchuck, prairie dog, beaver, porcupine
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Chiropetra
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1,000 species of bats
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Primates
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235 species of lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans
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Mitosis
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Division of single nuclues into two genetically identical daughter cells
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Meiosis
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In sexually reproducing organisms, divison of single diploid nucleus into four haploid daughter cells
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haploid
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Containing a single set of chromosomes
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Diploid
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Containing two sets of chromosomes
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Crossing Over
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The exchange of segments of chromatids between homologous chromosomes during synapsis in prophase 1 of meiosis
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Independent Assortment
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The orientation of homologous pairs of chromosomes at metaphase 1 is random. The total number of combinations is 2 raised to the nth power where n is the haploid number. Causes genetic varibability
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Gregor Mendel
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Deduced the fundamental principles of genetics by breeding peas. Argued that parents pass on to their offspring heritable factors and that these factors retain their individuality from generation to generation.
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Anaphase
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Centromeres split and chromosomes migrate toward the two poles of the cell. Step 4
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Telophase
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Chromatin fiber of each chromosomes unravel. Cytokinesis occurs. Cell cleaves into two daughter cells. Last step
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Metaphase
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Mitotic spindle is fully formed with its poles at opposites end of the cells. Chromosomes convene at metaphase plate. Step 3
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Prophase
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Chromatin fibers become tightly coiled. Nucleus disappears. Each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatids joined together by the centromere. Mitotic spindle begins to form and centrosomes move away from each other. Step 1 and 2
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Interphase
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Period of cellular growth. By g2, chromosomes have duplicated but cannot be seen because is loosely packed chromatin and there are two centrosomes
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Cell Cycle
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Consists of Interphase and mitotic phase. During interphase three periods. G1 cel grows. S continues to grow and copies its chromosomes, and G2 completes preparations for cell division and grows
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Spindle Fibers
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Structure of microtubules that guides the separation of the two sets of daughter chromosomes
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Charles Darwin
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Man who wrote Origin of Species and is credited with dicovering evolution. Evidence from trip to Galapogos Island. Waited 20 years to publish his book because afraid of implications
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Alfred Wallace
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Also discovered evolution slightly after Darwin. Published his paper in conjunction with Darwin's. Had Darwin be his mentor and provoked Darwin to publish his own paper
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Natural Selection
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Basic mechanism of evolution. Within a varied population, individuals whose characteristics adapt them best to their enviroment are most likely to survive and reproduce. These individuals tend to leave more offspring then less fit offspring.
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Mutation
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Change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA; the source of gene diversity
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DNA
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The genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents. A double stranded helical marcomolecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base
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Fitness
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The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contribution that others make in a population
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Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
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Lamarck's idea that an individual may develop certain traits that it passes on to its offspring
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Lamarck
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Developed the idea of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics in early 1800s. Although correct on evolution, did not understand how species evovled.
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Georges Cuvier
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Established field of comparative anatomy and palenotology and opposed Lamarck's theory of Axquired Characteristics
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Geology
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The study of rocks
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Homology
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Anatomical similarity to common ancestry
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Convergent Evolution
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Adaptive change resulting in nonhomologous similarities among organisms. Species from different evolutionary lineages come to resemble each othere as a result of living in similar enviroments
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Sexual Selection
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Secondary sex traits are used to compete with members of the same sex for mates or one sex is choosy in selecting mates. Ex: showy plumage of male peacock
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Incomplete Dominance
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The heterozygous varitey has a phenotype in between that of the two homozygous traits. Both traits are expressed
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Dominant Allele
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In a heterozygous individual, the one that determines the organism's appearance
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Recessive Allele
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Only is expressed in phenoype if the organism is homozygous recessive
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Allele
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Alternative versions of a gene
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Tube Feet
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Extensions of the water vascular system in echinoderms, Aid in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange
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Pharyngeal Slits
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Located in the pharynx. Is one of four distinctive features that appears in the embryos and often the adults of chordates
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Notochord
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Flexible, supportive longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord. Is one of four distinctive features that appears in the embryos and often the adults of chordates
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Chordate
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A deutrosome that has four distinctive features, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharynegeal slits, and a post-anal tail
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Lancelet
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Group of marine invertebrate chordates feed on suspended particles. Have segmented muscles. Among the simplest of chordates
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Craniate
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All chordates that have a head. Hagfish are the most primitive form of chordates to have a head
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Vertebrata
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Chordates that have a more extensive skull and backbone or vertebral column composed of a series of bones. Is an endoskeleton. Lampreys are the most primitive vertebrates
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Lamprey
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Most primitive form of vertebrates. Live in sea and lakes and uses its rasping tongue to clamp onto fish and suck its victim's blood
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Jawed Vertebrate
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Enables organisms to catch and eat a large variety of prey. Most fish, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have jaws
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Ray-Finned Fish
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Have an operculum that allows fish to breathe without swimming. Also have a lung derivative called a swim bladder that keeps them bouyant. Has skeleton reinforced by calcium phosphate. Includes trout, salmon, tua
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Lobe-Finned Fish
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Contains series of rod like bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins. Today only three lineages of fish survive. Gave rise to tetrapods
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Coelacanth
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Deep sea dweller that was once thought extinct. Is often called living fossil. Is a lob-finned fish
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Ectothermic
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Organisms that absorb external heat frather that generating their own. Reptiles are ecto thermic
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Artificial Selection
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Selective breeding of domesticated animals and plants. Used as evidence for evolution by Darwin
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Paleontologist
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Scientists who study fossils
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Fossil Record
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Ordered array in which fossils appear within layers of sedimentary rock. Provides evidence for evolution
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Strata
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Layer of rock with younger strata being on top and older strata being on the bottom
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biogeography
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Geographic distribution of a species. First gave Darwin idea of evolution. Ex: large number of marsupials in Austrailia
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Comparative Anatomy
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Comparison of body structures in different species. Anatomical similarities give signs of common descent. Homologies. Provides evidence for evolution
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Vestigial
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Structures of marginal or no importance to organisms. Are remanants of structures that served important functions to ancestors. Foot bones of modern whales.
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Comparative Embryology
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Comparison of early stages of development that provides evidence of common descent.
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Population
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A group of interacting individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic location
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Species
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A group of interbreeding individuals who produce fertile offspring and have similar anatomical characteristics
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Modern Synthesis
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A comprehensive theory of evolution that incorporates genetics and includes most of Darwin's ideas, focusing on populations as the fundamental units of evolution
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Gene Pool
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All the genes in a population at any one given time
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Population Genetics
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The science of microevolutionary changes in populations
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Microevolution
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A change in a population's gene pool over a succession of generations. Effected by mutations, genetic drift, sexual selection.... Occurs slowly
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Hardy-Weinberg Equlilibrium
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Sexual reproduction alone does not lead to evolution. The frequency of each allele in a population will remain constant. Works if: population is large, no gene flow (migration of indidviduals),, no mutations, mating is random, no natural selection
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Genetic Drift
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Change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. Usually occurs in small populations
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Gene Flow
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Genetic frequencies may change when fertile individuals move into/ out of a population
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Bottleneck Effect
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An event drastically reduces population size leaving a small group of individuals that do not possess the same gene distribution of the larger population
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Founder Effect
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Colonization of a new area by a small group of individuals, leaving a skewed gene distribution
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Polymorphic
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Two or more forms of a physical characteristic are present within a population
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Directional Selection
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The shifting of the genetic make-up of individuals away from a phenotypic extreme.
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Stabilizing Selection
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The intermediate phenotypes are favored. Tends to reduce genetic variation.
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Disruptive Selection
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Favors phenotypes at both extremes. Occurs rarely.
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Sexual Dimorphism
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The distinction of males and females in a population by special physical characteristics. Ex: Males are 1.2 times larger then females in humans and peacocks
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Endothermic
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A body that derives its body heat from its own metabolism. Birds and mammals are endothermic
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Genome
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A complete (haploid) set of an organism's genes
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Asexual reproduction
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The creation of offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg
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Chromosome
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Structures that contain an organisms DNA
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Eukaryotic Chromosome
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Contain more genes (30,000 in humans). Much larger than prokaryote chromomsome
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Chromatin
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A diffuse mass of long, thin material, a combination of proteins and DNA. DNA is in this state in interphase
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Sister Chromatids
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Two identical copies of a chromosome created after the DNA is replicated
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Centromere
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Two sister chromatids are joined together by this
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Chromosome Duplication
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Occurs during the S phase in interphase
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G1 Phase
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The first stage in interphase. Cell Grows. It is the only step that can be skipped in cell replication.
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G2 Phase
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Final stage of interphase. The cell continues to grow and completes preparations for cell division/
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S Phase
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Second Step in Interphase. Chromosomes are duplicated resulting in sister chromatids. Cell also grows.
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Cell Cycle
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An ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells.
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M Phase
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Mitotic Phase where the cell actually divides, takes about 10% of cell cycle. Divided into two stages, mitosis and cytokinesis
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Cytokinesis
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The cytoplasm of the two daughter cells is divided into two.
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Homologous Chromosomes
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The two chromosomes composing a pair because they both carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics. Note that they don't have to have the same alleles and therefore aren't identical
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Sex chromosomes
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23rd chromosome pair in humans that determines an individual's sex. In males, this pair is only homologous in small parts because of XY.
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Autosomes
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All other chromosomes pairs besides sex chromosomes
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Gamete
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Egg and sperm cells (haploid)
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Zygote
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Fertilized Egg (diploid)
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Recombination
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The production of gene combinations different from those carried by the original chromosomes due crossing over and independent assortment
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Self-fertilization
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Sperm carrying pollen grains released from the stamens land on the egg-containing carpel of the same flower
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True-Breeding
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Varieties for which self-fertilization produced offspring all identical to the parent
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Hybrid
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Offspring of two different varieties
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P generation
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True-breeding parent plants
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F1
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Hybrid offspring of P generation
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F2
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Offspring of F1 generation
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Monohybrid
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A cross where parent generation differs only in one characteristic
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Dihybrid
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Mating of parental generation differing by two characteristics
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Homozygous
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Containing two identical alleles for a gene
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Heterozygous
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Containing two different alleles for a gene
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Law of Segregation
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A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited trait because allele pairs separate from each other during the production of gametes
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Punnett Square
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Shows possible gametes combinations
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Genotype
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Genetic makeup
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Phenotype
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Physical make-up
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Test Cross
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A mating between and individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual
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Rule of Addition
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The probability that an even can occur in two or more alternative ways is the sum of the separate probabilities
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Rule of Multiplication
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The probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities
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Carrier
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Individuals who possess one copy of the allele for a recessive disorder and don't exhibit symptoms
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ABO Blood Group
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Three alleles of a gene with A and B being and O being recessive codominant
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Co-dominant
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The expression of both genes in heterozygous individuals
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Pleiotropy
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Genes that influence multiple characteristics Ex: Sickle-cell anemia
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Polygenic Inheritance
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The effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic. Generally vary in a population along a continuum. Ex: human skin color
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Linked Genes
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Genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together
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Red-green color blindness
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Common sex-linked disorder characterized by a malfunction of lift-sensitive cells in ones eyes,
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Hemophilia
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Sex-linked recessive trait where affected people bleed excessively when injured because they lack one or more proteins required for blood clotting
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Descent with Modification
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The phrase that Darwin used instead of "evolved"
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Macroevolution
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Dramatic biological changes which begin with the origin of a new species
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Biological Species
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A population whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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Post-Zygotic Barrier
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Prevent fitness of hybrid species after zygotes are formed
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Pre-Zygotic Barrier
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Prevent mating or fertilization between species
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Hybrid Inviability
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Hybrids do not survive
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Hybrid sterility
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Hybrid reaches maturity but is not able to reproduce
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behavioral isolation
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There is no sexual attraction between females and males of different species
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Mechanical Isolation
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Female and male sex organs are not compatible
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Gametic Isolation
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Male and female from two different species can copulate but a zygote doesn't form
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Allopatric Speciation
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Species formed because a geographic barrier separated a population
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Sympatric Speciation
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Species that are formed without geographic separation
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Adaptive Radiation
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The evolution of many new species from a common ancestor introduced to a new and diverse environment
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Gradualistic Evolution
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Darwin's view on the origin of the species, differences gradually evolve in populations as they become adapted to their local environments
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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Abrupt episodes of speciation punctuating long periods of little change
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Exaptation
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A structure that evolved in one context and then was later adapted for other purposes
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Paedomorphosis
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The retention in the adult featuresthat were juvenile in its ancestors
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Continental Drift
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Theory that the Earth was once one mass which broke up into continents that drifted life rafts to their present positions
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Laurasia
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Eurasia and North America that split off in the Mesozoic Era
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Pangea
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Supercontinent
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Gondwana Land
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South America, Africa, India, and Austrailia during Mesozoic Era
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Neanderthal
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Closest relative to Homo Sapiens, found in Europe and Africa. Had large noses and heavy brows and cheekbones
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Lemur
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Found only in Madagascar, agile climbers and leapers, spend most of their times in trees
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Tarsier
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Limited to Southeast Asia, nocturnal tree-dwellers with flat faces and large eyes. More closely related to anthropoids
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Old World Monkey
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Lack a prehensile tail, and their nostrils are open downwards
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New World Monkey
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All are arboreal. Have a long prehensile tail and nostrils that are wide open and far apart
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Anthropoid
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Includes monkeys and apes. Generally have larger brain relative to body size and rely more on eyesight and less on smell then other species. Also have an opposable thumb
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Hominoid
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Humans
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Gibbon
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Smallest, lightest and most acrobatic of the apes. They are also the only apes, besides humans, that are monogamous
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Orangutan
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Largest living arboreal mammal, shy moves slowly
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Chimpanzee
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Knuckle walkers that have many aspects of behavior that humans have. Very social
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Bonobo
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Close relative of the chimpanzee, is a knuckle walker
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Gorilla
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Largest ape. Live in small groups , are knuckle walkers who spend most time on ground
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Australopiths
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Homonoids living between 4 and 2 million years ago
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Australopithecus afarensis
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Species discovered in 1924, very old inhabited Africa
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Lucy
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3.24 million year old skeleton. Is a Australopithecus afarensis and is 40% complete
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Homo habilis
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First humans to use tools
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Homo erectus
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Has larger brain size then homo habilis and had upright "erect" stance, also had sexual dimorphism
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Homo sapiens
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Current human species originated in africa 200,000 years ago. Lack heavy brow lines and are more slender than previous species
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Bipedal
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Ability to walk upright on two legs
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