Biology 110: Chapter 7

Front 1

organic compounds are composed of molecules that contain

Back 1

Carbon and Hydrogen

CH4

Front 2

the strongest chemical bond

Back 2

covalent bonds

Front 3

Watson and Crick are

Back 3

often credited for the discovery of the structure of dna

Front 4

Rosalind Franklin

Back 4

should have been credited

-first to see double helix pattern with her x ray crystallography

- her work was borrowed

- watson and crick recieved noble prize

Front 5

watson only ever mentioned franklin

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in his book and made sexism remarks calling her rosy and saying she didnt dress up her feminine qualitites

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____ stores the info that cells need to produce proteins

Back 6

dna

Front 7

dna

Back 7

sstores the info that cells need to produce proteins

Front 8

dna is composed of

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nucleotide monomers

Front 9

nucleotide monomers make up

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dna

Front 10

a binds with

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t

Front 11

c binds with

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g

Front 12

_______ connect complementary dna strands

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hydrogen bonds

Front 13

hydrogen bonds connect

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complementary dna strands

Front 14

special types of covalent bonds

Back 14

connect a sugar backbone to a nitrogenous base

Front 15

this connects a sugar backbone to a nitrogenous base

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special types of covalent bonds

Front 16

nucleotide is made up of

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phosphate group

deoxyribose

nitrogenous base

Front 17

protein production starts with

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dna

Front 18

gene

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a sequence of dna that encodes a specific protein

-each gene codes for one protein

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each gene codes for

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one protein

Front 20

a sequence of dna that encodes a specific protein

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gene

Front 21

protein productions two stages

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transcription and translation

Front 22

transcription occurs in

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nucleus

Front 23

transcription occurs in

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cytoplasm

Front 24

chromosomes have

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multiple genes

Front 25

genes make up

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chromosomes

Front 26

rna copies one gene from

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chromosome

Front 27

you add amino acids to the

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rna copy of one gene from chromosome to make a protein

Front 28

_______ produces an rna molecule that is complementary to dna

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transcription

Front 29

transcription

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produces an rna molecule tat is complementary to dna

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in translation

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the info in rna is used to make a protein

Front 31

the info in rna is used to make a protein in

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translation

Front 32

difference between dna and rna

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dna=

-deoxyribose (H)

-Thymine (T)

-double stranded

-stores rna and protein encoding info, transfers info to next generation of cells

RNA=

-ribose (OH)

-single stranded

-uracil (U)

-carries protein encoding info, helps make proteins, catalyzes some reactions

Front 33

-deoxyribose (H)

-Thymine (T)

-double stranded

-stores rna and protein encoding info, transfers info to next generation of cells

Back 33

DNA

Front 34

stores rna and protein encoding info, transfers info to next generation of cells

Back 34

DNA

Front 35

deoxyribose

Back 35

dna

Front 36

ribose

Back 36

rna

Front 37

-ribose (OH)

-single stranded

-uracil (U)

-carries protein encoding info, helps make proteins, catalyzes some reactions

Back 37

rna

Front 38

carries protein encoding info, helps make proteins, catalyzes some reactions

Back 38

rna

Front 39

ribose

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rna

Front 40

____ plays an important role in protein production

Back 40

rna

Front 41

three types of rna interact to produce proteins

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1.messenger rna (mRNA)

2.transfer rna (tRNA)

3.ribosomal rna (rRNA)

Front 42

1.messenger rna (mRNA)

2.transfer rna (tRNA)

3.ribosomal rna (rRNA)

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the three types of rna molecules that interact to produce proteins

Front 43

the main function of dna is to

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encode proteins

Front 44

relationship between a gene and a protein

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a gene codes for one protein, a rna molecule copies gene which then goes through translation and becomes a protein

Front 45

______ uses dna to create rna

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transcription

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a in dna molecule binds with ___ in rna molecule

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U

Front 47

transcription has 3 steps

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initiation

elongation

termination

Front 48

initiation

elongation

termination

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transcriptions 3 steps

Front 49

initiation

Back 49

rna polymerase enzyme is in front of dna split

Front 50

elongation

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rna polymerase enzyme is inside dna split with rna molecule binding to dna molecule

Front 51

termination

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rna polymerase enzyme is leaving the dna strand

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initiation

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rna polymerase binds to promoter (beginning of the gene)

-enzymes unzip the dna

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_______ of ____ rna polymerase binds to promoter

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initiation of transcription

Front 54

rna polymerase binds to the promotor at

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initiation in transcription

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__ unzip the dna

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enzymes

Front 56

the _________ encodes the rna molecule

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dna template strand

Front 57

the dna template strand

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encodes the rna molecule

Front 58

elongation in transcription

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rna polymerase moves along the template strand, making an rna copy

Front 59

rna polymerase moves along the template strand, making an rna copy in this

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elongation in transcription

Front 60

termination in transcription

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rna polymerase reaches the termintor (end of the gene)

-rna, dna, and rna polymerase seperate

-dna becomes a double helix again

Front 61

rna polymerase reaches the terminator in

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termination step of transcription

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rna, dna, and rna polymerase seperate in

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termination step of transcription

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dna becomes a double helix again in this

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termination step of transcription

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rna is processed in

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the nucleus

Front 65

how rna is processed in the nucleus

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poly a tail and mrna cap are added to the rna

Front 66

what is added to the rna when processed in the nucleus

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poly a tail and mrna cap

Front 67

_______ are then spliced out in processing of rna for export out of nucleus

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introns

Front 68

mature rna is composed of

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only exons

Front 69

from dna to rna

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-transcription

-addition of poly a tail and mrna cap

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mature rna is transported out of nucleus to

Back 70

a ribosome in cytoplasm for translation

Front 71

during splicing

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introns are removed from rna molecule

-occurs in processing of rna in nucleus

Front 72

how is mrna modified before it leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

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it gets a poly a tail and an mrna cap

-introns are removed during splicing

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translation

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builds the protein

Front 74

______ builds the protein

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translation

Front 75

translation occurs in the

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cytoplasm

Front 76

process of building a protein from dna

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dna (transcription) mrna (translation) protein

Front 77

3 nucleotides form a

Back 77

codon

Front 78

codon

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made up of 3 nucleotides

Front 79

codons bind to form

Back 79

polypeptides

Front 80

polypeptide

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an amino acid sequence

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codon is

Back 81

3 nucleotide sequence that encodes for one amino acid

Front 82

a 3 nucleotide sequence that encodes for one amino acid

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a codon

Front 83

the ____ shows which mrna codons correspond with which amino acids

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genetic code

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translation uses

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genetic code

Front 85

stop codons

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UAA

UAG

UGA

Front 86

mutations in a gene do/do not always cause changes in that trait for an organism

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NOT

-because multiple codons can code for an amino acid

Front 87

_____ molecules translate the genetic code

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tRNA

transfer rna

Front 88

tRNA binds to mRNA codon at

Back 88

anticodon

-top

Front 89

tRNA binds to corresponding amino acid at

Back 89

amino acid binding site

-bottom

Front 90

anticodon

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where mRNA codon binds with tRNA

Front 91

binding site

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where tRNA binds with amino acid

Front 92

translation occurs in 3 steps and occur at

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initiation

elongation

termination

-ribosome

Front 93

all of the steps of translation occur at

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ribosome

Front 94

____ occurs at ribosome

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all steps of translation

Front 95

initiation of translation

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- small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA

-large ribosomal subunit binds

-first tRNA molecule binds

Front 96

when it looks like a zipper it is

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transcription

Front 97

in translation

Back 97

small ribosomal subunit takes a codon and makes anticodon which codes for an amino acid which begins to form tRNA and polypeptide

Front 98

tRNA binds complementary base pairs to mRNA

Back 98

in translation

Front 99

tRNA already carries and amino acid

Back 99

met

codon= uac

Front 100

start codon in mRNA

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AUG

Front 101

AUG is

Back 101

start codon in mRNA

Front 102

start codon in tRNA is

Back 102

UAC

Front 103

UAC amino acid is

Back 103

met

Front 104

elongation in translation

Back 104

second tRNA enters the ribosome next to the first tRNA, first tRNA then leaves ribosome, ribosome moves to the right and third tRNA enters

-amino acids covalently bond

Front 105

_____ covalently bond during elongation in translation

Back 105

amino acids

Front 106

second tRNA enters the ribosome next to first tRNA, first tRNA then leaves, ribosome moves to the right and then a third tRNA comes in,

in

Back 106

elongation in translation

Front 107

covalent bond

Back 107

line between amino acids

Front 108

hydrogen bonds

Back 108

line between a and u or c and g or a and t

between complementary dna strands

Front 109

amino acids remain bonded regardless of the

Back 109

dispossal of trna

Front 110

termination in translation

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-ribosome reaches stop codon

-release factor protein binds

-polypeptide(collection of amino acids) detaches from mRNA and folds into a functional protein

Front 111

polypeptide detaches from mRNA and folds into a functional protein in

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termination step of translation

Front 112

a release factor protein binds in

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termination step of translation

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translation is efficient when

Back 113

multiple ribosomes attach to and mRNA molecule simultaneously

Front 114

when multiple ribosomes attach to and mRNA molecule simultaneously

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translation is efficient

Front 115

mrna is

Back 115

string

Front 116

ribosome is

Back 116

ball on string

Front 117

polypeptide is

Back 117

ball strand off of ribosome

Front 118

the longer the polypeptide the

Back 118

longer the ribosome has been on the mRNA molecule

Front 119

protein synthesis is

Back 119

highly regulated

Front 120

protein synthesis

Back 120

requires lots of energy

Front 121

cells save energy by only producing

Back 121

needed proteins

Front 122

prokaryotes and eukaryotes regulate protein synthesis

Back 122

but in different ways

Front 123

mutations change

Back 123

dna

Front 124

a mutation is

Back 124

a change in a cells dna sequence

Front 125

a change in a cells dna sequence

Back 125

mutation

Front 126

differnt types of mutations

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addition

deletion

substititution

frameshift

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point mutation

Back 127

changes one or a few base pairs in a gene

Front 128

changes one or a few base pairs in a gene

Back 128

point mutation

Front 129

wildtype

Back 129

original nucleotide sequence

Front 130

original nucleotide sequence

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wildtype

Front 131

substitution mutation

Back 131

changed a nucleotide or nucleotides

Front 132

changed a nucleotide or nucleotides

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substitution mutation

Front 133

wildtype- aug gua tau

mutation-aug guc tua

Back 133

substitution mutation

Front 134

deletion mutation

Back 134

nucleotide or tides are deleted

Front 135

nucleotides are deleted it is

Back 135

deletion mutation

Front 136

insetion mutation

Back 136

nucleotide or tides added

Front 137

nucleotide or tides added is

Back 137

insertion mutation

Front 138

frameshift mutation

Back 138

one mutation affects multiple codons

-addition of one nucleotide changes every codon after the insertion

Front 139

in this mutation addition of one nucleotide changes every codon after the insertion

Back 139

frameshift mutation

Front 140

mutation with the biggest impact

Back 140

frame shift mutation

Front 141

deletion or insertion of three nucleotides

Back 141

do not cause frameshift mutation

Front 142

how is sickle cell disease formed

Back 142

a single base substitution in a hemoglobin gene causes blood cells to form abnormally

Front 143

mutations create

Back 143

different versions of alleles

Front 144

different versions of alleles are created by

Back 144

mutation

Front 145

alternative versions of the same gene

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allele

Front 146

allele

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alternative version of the same gene

Front 147

mutations do not always cause harm to a trait an organism has because

Back 147

there are alleles

Front 148

deletion, addition, framshift, and substitution are all

Back 148

point mutations

Front 149

viruses are

Back 149

genes wrapped in a protein coat

Front 150

genes wrapped in a protein coat

Back 150

virus

Front 151

viruses attach to host, penetrate cell and release dna, host

Back 151

transcribes and translates viral dna as if it were its own, new viruses assemble, viruses leave the cell

Front 152

cells will express foreign dna as if it were their own is

Back 152

true

Front 153

vaccines

Back 153

teach your immune system to recognize a virus

Front 154

antiviral drugs are difficult to produce because

Back 154

of viruses high mutation rate

Front 155

antibiotics

Back 155

do not work against viruses

Front 156

complimentary base pairing works by

Back 156

a-t in dna

a-u in dna to rna

c-g

g-c

-connected by hydrogen bonds

Front 157

atgc

dna to rna

Back 157

uacg

Front 158

how does a protein get made

Back 158

genes in dna are copied which makes mRNA strand through transcription which occurs in nucleus, before leaving nucleus mRNA is spliced of its introns and gets a poly a tail and a mrna cap, in translation which occurs in the cytoplasm, the mrna binds with trna which has codons which code for amino acids which form a polypeptide, the polypeptide then folds into a functioning protein

Front 159

mutations

Back 159

a change in a cells dna

Front 160

role of rna polymerase enzyme

Back 160

transcription

-creates rna molecule from dna strand

Front 161

dna is stored in the cell in its

Back 161

nucleus

Front 162

dna and rna differences

Back 162

deoxyribose and ribose

double stranded and single stranded

T and U

Front 163

main function of dna

Back 163

to encode for proteins

Front 164

three stop codons

Back 164

UAA

UAG

UGA