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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_______ explains the features of all organisms from microbes to humans |
evolution |
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_____ is descent with modification |
evolution |
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evolution is |
descent with modification |
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descent with modification means |
changes in heritable traits from generation to generation -not individuals |
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evolution occurs in |
generations not individuals |
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population is a group of |
interbreeding organisms of the same species |
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evolution occurs in a population when |
allele frequencies change from one generation to the next |
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when allele frequencies change from one genreation to the next |
evolution occurs in a population |
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allele |
alternative version for the same gene |
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allele frequency equation |
# of copies of an allele / total # of alleles for the same gene in a population |
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evolution is detectable by examining the |
populations gene pool |
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the entire collection of genes and alleles |
gene pool |
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gene pool |
the entire collection of genes and alleles |
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even for the same species _____ differ from population to population |
gene pools ex. asians vs indians |
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in 1801 ______ suggested that organisms change via aquired traits |
lamarck |
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lamarck suggested that |
organisms evolve due to acquired traits |
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acquired traits |
cannot be inherited |
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cannot be inherited |
acquired traits |
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a naturalist on the HMS beagle which sailed around the world in the 1830s |
darwin |
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darwins time on the ____ allowed for the discovery of natural selection with finches |
galapagos islands |
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darwin thought that the finches |
had descent from one ancesteral type of finch |
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1859 the origins of species |
darwins book that descibed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution |
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darwins theory of natural selections 2 parts |
1. organisms alive today descended from ancestral species 2. natural selection is the mechanism for descent with modification |
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1. organisms alive today descended from ancestral species 2. natural selection is the mechanism for descent with modification |
the 2 parts of natural selection |
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the 2 parts of natural selection |
1. organisms alive today descended from ancestral species 2. natural selection is the mechanism for descent with modification |
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_____ provide evidence for slow change over time |
fossils |
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fossils of extinct species suggest |
that living organisms descended from common ancestors |
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the idea that living organisms descended from common ancestors is suggested by |
the presence of fossils |
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newer rock is at the |
top |
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older rock at |
bottom |
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darwins observations |
overproduction of offspring and individual variation |
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some individuals will have more offspring than others due to |
environmental factors |
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nature selects for |
reproductive success |
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in ________ environmental factors cause the differential reproductive success of individuals with particular genotypes |
natural selection |
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natural selections enviornmental factors cause |
the differntial reproductive success of individuals with particular genotypes |
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_____ acts as a strainer
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natural selection
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in this lots of pheontypes go in, successfull ones come out
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natural selection
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explain natural selection
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insertions, point mutations, and deletions of genes affect phenotypes which then are filtered through natural selection which selects for different traits in different enviornments
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acquired traits are
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not passed on through generations
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artificial selection
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aka selective breeding
-helped darwin form the theory of evolution through natural selection |
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_______ aka selective breeding
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artificial selection
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in this a human chooses desired features then allows only the individuals that best express those qualitites to reproduce
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artificial selection
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artifical selection
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human chooses desired features then allows only the individuals that best express those qualitites to reproduce
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evolutionary theory
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continues to expand
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evolutionary history is
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recent
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how is artificial selection differnt from natural selection
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natural selection is nature favoring certain traits thus allowing individuals with those traits more reproductive success and changing the gene frequency, while artificial selection is when a human favors certain traits so they only allow individuals that best express those traits to reproduce
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______ molds evolution
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natural selection
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natural selection does not
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create alleles it only favors preexisting alleles
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how does natural selection happen
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each generation the individuals best suited to their environment will have more reproductive success thus allowing certain alleles to become more frequent as generations pass
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natural selection operates on
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the variation present in a population
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the struggle to survive is inevitable because
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more individuals are born than resources can support
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evolutionary fitness
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a measure of an organisms ability to survive and reproduce
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a measure of an organisms ability to survive and reproduce
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evolutionary fitness
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some individuals in a population are better
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at reproducing than others
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heritable traits that make certain advantages in individuals are
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adaptations
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adaptations
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heritable traits that confer advantages in certain individuals
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______ are features that provide a selective advantage because they improve a organisms ability to survive and reproduce
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adaptations
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adaptations
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are features that provide a selective advantage because they improve a organisms ability to survive and reproduce
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adaptations create selective advantages because
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they improve an organisms ability to survive and reproduce
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bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics have an __________ that non resistant bacteria lack
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adaptive trait
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when antibiotics are administered, _______ are strongly selected for
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resistant bacteria
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antibiotics
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cannot create a resistance allele
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variation in resistance was already present in the population
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a factor causes the resistance allele frequency to shift
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as environmental conditions change
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the phenotypes that natural selection favors will also change
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phenotypes that naural selection favors change as
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environmental conditions change
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adaptations that are perfect in one condition are
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wrong in another enviornment
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evolution does not have a
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goal
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nothing nor natural selection has
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foresight
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the orchids best suited to wasp pollination are
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most likely to reproduce, so their alleles get passed to the next generation most often
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individuals must already posses the potential
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for natural selection to select a certain trait
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how can natural selection favor different phenotypes at different times
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as environmental conditions change, so do the phenotypes that are favored by natural selection. different times indicate change and differnt phenotypes will match different situations
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___________can shape populations in may ways
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natural selection
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there are _ modes of natural selection
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3
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the three modes of natural selection
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-directional
-disruptive -stabilizing |
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the three modes of natural selection are distinguished by
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their effects on the phenotypes in a population
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directional selection which is a mode of natural selection
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makes right or left skewed
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this makes the natural selection right or left skewed
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directional selection
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in this mode of natural selection one phenotype is favored over another
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directional selection
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disruptive seleciton
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extreme phenotypes are favored over an intermediate phenotype
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in this mode of natural selection extreme phenotypes are favored
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disruptive selection
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stabilizing selection
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an intermediate phenotype is favored over the extreme phenotypes
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in this mode of natural selection the intermediate phenotype is favored
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stabilizing selection
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directional, disruptive, nor stabilizing selection explain why
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natural selection maintains some harmful alleles in the population
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natural selection maintains
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some harmful alleles in the population
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reason of why natural selection maintains some harmful alleles in the population
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heterozygote advantage
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heterozygote advantage
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an explanation for why natural selection maintains some harmful alleles in the population
-heterozygote is favored over homozygote in reproductive success -ex. sickle cell anemia and malaria |
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sexual selection
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directly influences reproductive success
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natural selection allows for traits that apparently reduce survival because
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of sexual selection
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sexual selection
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a type of natural selection resulting from variation in the ability to obtain mates
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a type of natural selection resulting from variation in the ability to obtain mates
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sexual selection
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______ results either from competition for access to the other sex or from one sex choosing attractive mates of the other sex
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sexual selection
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sexual selection
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results either from competition for access to the other sex or from one sex choosing attractive mates of the other sex
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_____ have selected mates with selective traits
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geneartions of choosy females
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animals spend energy on wooing the opposite sex
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in order to increase their potential to mate
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two ways that competition for access to mates can lead to sexual selection
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1. competition for access to other sex
2. one sex choosing attractive mates of the other sex |
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other factors that change allele frequencies over times (evolution)
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- mutations
- genetic drift - migration |
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when one genotype becomes another
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mutation
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when new genetic variant appears in population
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a mutation occured
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when a chance event eliminates some alleles from ancestral population
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genetic drift occured
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when a new population forms from remaining subset of genotypes
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genetic drift occured
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many of certain genotypes leave
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when migration occurs
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when certain genotypes majority leave and the remaining ones with more are more common
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migration occured
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genetic drift
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-occurs purely by chance
- randomly some alleles are removed from population or some individuals leave more descents -most common in SMALL populations |
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this occurs purely by chance and is most common in small populations
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genetic drift
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genetic drift=
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founder effect
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when only a few individuals establish a new population the
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allele frequency might change
aka the founder effect |
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founder effect type
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the increased allele frequency that arises wen only a few individuals establish a new population making certain mutations more present within the population
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genetic drifts two types
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founder effect
and bottleneck effect |
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bottleneck effect occurs when
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a disaster drastically reduces the size of a population
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this occurs when a disaster drastically reduces the size of a population
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bottleneck effect
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bottleneck effect of genetic drift
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disaster occurs
-allele are eliminated |
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founder effect of genetic drift
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- small group of people start new population which makes certain alleles more present than others
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migration
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-moves alleles between populations
- can affect allele frequency in both populations |
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_______ moves alleles between populations which can affect allele frequency in both populations
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migration
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