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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In humans, lactic acid provides rapid bursts of ATP in what type of cells, even if there is a limited oxygen supply?
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Muscle Cells
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Lactate is _______ to cells.
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Toxic
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At first, blood carries lactate away; then builds up causing muscles to do what?
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Fatigue and cramp
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Lactic acid causes the body to develop an ___________ and the _________ must convert lactate to pyruvate.
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"Oxygen debt"; liver
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What type of cells carry on the most fermentation of lactic acid?
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Muscle Cells
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___________________ is a series of carriers that accept the electrons removed from glucose.
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Electron Transport Chain
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The Electron transport chain occurs inside mitochondria in the ________.
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Cristae
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The electrons from the electron transport chain are passed from carrier to carrier to eventually produce ________ and 32-34 ____.
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Water; ATP
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The Electron transport chain is the metabolic process that produces the most ____.
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ATP
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__________ is the breaking down of molecules.
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Catabolism
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Catabolism results in an ATP buildup that is used by _______.
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Anabolism
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________ is the building up of molecules.
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Anabolism
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_______ can synthesize all the amino acids they need
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Plants
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Humans cannot make 9 amino acids, so the _________________ must supply them in the diet.
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Essential Amino Acids
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Photosynthesis converts solar energy into the chemical energy of a what?
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Carbohydrate
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Plants, algae, and some bacteria perform phosynthesis; they're called ___________.
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Producers
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Photosynthesis occurs where?
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Chloroplasts
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Oppenings called __________ allow gases to enter the center of a leaf where ____________ cells contain the chloroplasts; water reaches these cells from vessels that extend to the roots.
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Stomata; Mesophyll Cells
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Solar energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O => C6H1206 +602
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Photosynthesis equation
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Water molecules are ______.(In photosynthesis)
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Oxidized
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Carbondioxide is ________. (In photosynthesis)
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Reduced
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Electrons from water are energized by what? (In photosynthesis)
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Solar Energy
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Photosynthesis has 2 sets of reactions:
"photo"= _________________ "synthesis"= _______________ |
Light dependent reactions; Calvin cycle reactions
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Thylakoids are stracked to form what?
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Grana
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Grana are surrounded by the what?
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Stroma
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Enzymes in the fluid filled stroma reduce carbon dioxide and the ________ cycle occurs in the stroma.
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Calvin Cycle
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Light reaction occurs in the ________ membrane.
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Thylakoid membrane
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________________: method of producing ATP which is tied to an electrochemical gradient in the thylakoid.
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Chemiosmosis
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Enzymes in the fluid filled _________ reduce carbon dioxide and the Calvin Cycle occurs here.
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Stroma
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Chewed food is mixed with saliva into a ______ for swallowing.
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Bolus
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salivary ________: is an enzyme that starts starch digestion.
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amylase
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food going the "wrong way": the ________ & __________ closes off the nasopharynx and the ________ covers the glottis forcing the bolus down the esophagus.
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Soft palate & Uvula; epiglottis
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_____________:
1. muscular tube that conducts food bolus from pharynx to the stomach 2.no role in chemical digestion 3. movement only |
Esophagus
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The rhythmic contraction in the esophagus is called what?
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Peristalsis
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Where does the stomach recieve the food from?
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The Esophagus
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What enzyme starts protein digestion in the stomach?
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pepsin
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The stomach acts on food mechanically and chemically to produce the soupy ______.
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chyme
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Another name for the small intestine is what?
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Duodenum
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The small intestine has a large surface area for absorption due to what?
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Villi
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Glucose and amino acids are absorbed in to the ________________ system from inside the small intestine.
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Cardiovascular System
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Fats are absorbed into what system from the small intestine?
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Lymphatic System
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The process of food digestion is complete after what organ?
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The Small intestine
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______: blind end of the large intestine, below the junction of the small intestine where the ______ is attached
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Cecum; Appendix
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_____: where defecation occurs
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Anus
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The large intestine does not produce ______________, but it does absorb ______, _______, and some vitamins.
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Digestive enzymes; water, salts
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What is the main function of the large intestine?
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To absorb water, salts and some vitamines
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The ________ is the largest gland in the body.
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Liver
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The liver stores iron and vitamines, detoxifies blood, stores glucose as __________, and regulates blood cholesterol levels
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Glycogen
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_________: is a yellowish tint to the whites of the eyes and also the skin. It is due to an increase in bilirubin.
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Jaundice
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______________ (bread, pasta) can be converted to glucose and used rapidly. Body cells can use fatty acids as an energy source but brain cells require _______.
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Complex carbohydrates; glucose
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_____________ (table sugar) contribute to energy needs and ____________ w/o supplying other nutrients. These are empty calories.
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Simple carbohydrates; weight gain
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How many essential amino acids can the body NOT make?
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8
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__________: organic compounds that the body can't make but needs for metabolism; many are part of coenzymes.
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Vitamins
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The vitamins ___, ___, and ___ are anti-oxidants that protect cell contents from damage due to _____________.
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A, C, E; free radicals
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_________: unstable molecules produced by cell metabolism that can donate an electron to DNA, protein, enzymes, etc. and can damage cell structures or cause cancer.
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Free Radicals
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Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis both utilize an ___________ chain.
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Electron transport chain
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Photosynthesis reduces carbon dioxide to a what??
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Carbohydrate
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Oxidation of water releases _________ in photosynthesis.
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Oxygen
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Cellular respiration oxidizes ____________, and carbon dioxide is given off. _________ is reduced to water.
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Carbohydrate; Oxygen
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