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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Asexual Reproduction |
Produces identical copies or "clones" of parent. Offspring is raised by a single organism, and inherit the genes of the parent only. Adv. -no partner involved -simple cell division -offspring is predictable |
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Examples of asexual reproduction |
1. Plant runners eg strawberries 2.Budding - new individual developing from an outgrowth on the body 3.Fragmentation - part of organism becomes detached and continues to grow independently. |
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Cell Cycle |
Life cycle of a cell -includes growth, duplication of chromosomes & cell division -composed of interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis |
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Interphase |
Cell carries out normal functions, grows, and duplicates genetic material in preparation for the next stage |
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Mitosis |
Stage when cells nucleus + genetic material divide Genetic material separates , cell prepares to spilt into 2 identical cells 1.interphase 2.metaphase 3.anaphase 4.telephase |
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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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Prophase |
chromosomes condenses, becomes visible, spindle forms, nuclear membrane&nucleolus disappears |
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Metaphase |
Pulled by spindle fibers, double stranded chromosomes line up along equatorial plate (align in the middle) |
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Anaphase |
Centromeres divide&single stranded chromosomes pull away from each other |
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Telophase |
Chromosomes arrive at the poles, spindle fibers dissolve, new nuclear |
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Cytokinesis |
The cytoplasm and organelles divide evenly into 2 groups and 2 new cells form around them |
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Cleavage furrow |
Pinches animal cells apart |
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Karyotyping |
A test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, # of chromosomes in a sample of body cells. Extra or missing chromosomes or abnormal positions can cause problems with someone's growth, development, and body functions |
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chromosomes |
A condensed body of the molecule DNA (decoy ribonucleic acid) seen during cell division -there are 46 chromosomes in human cells |
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Cell plate |
Separates plant cells that remain stuck together |
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Gene |
A section of DNA that can be decoded to produce a specific protein |
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Homologous pairs |
One copy of each chromosomes can from each parent -these have the same genes but the genes may give slightly different directions Eg. Blonde vs brown hair |
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Karyotype |
A display of chromosomes that arranges them from 1-22 plus a park of sex chrome Arranged by -length, centromere location, banding pattern
-determine the sex -see genetic abnormalities (extra/missing chrome) - 2 x's female , 1 x and 1 y male |
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Autosomes (somatic chrome) |
The name for all the other chromosomes in a cell |
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Left : female Right : male |
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Down syndrome |
Chrome 21 3 copies of 21 instead of 2 leads to non-disjunction during meiosis Did not separate properly during anaphase 1 or 2 |
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DNA |
Adenine (A) -- Thymine (T) Guanine (G) -- Cytosine (C) |
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Double helix |
Twisted ladder shape |
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Nucleotide |
The monomer that makes up DNA Nucleotide is made of 3 components -sugar -phosphate That forms on the side -1 of the 4 nitrogen bases Pairs up to form the rungs |
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Genonomics |
The study of genomes (all genes found in a single organism, their functions&interactions) |
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DNA Bank |
Database of DNA sequences from different species Eg. 1) endangered & extinct species 2) heirloom agricultural species 3) convicted criminal |
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Genetic engineering |
Inserting genes from one organism to another (GMO's) Eg. Code "antifreeze" gene ->tomato plants |
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Mendel's first law |
Law of segregation : park of factors controlling each trait. These factors separate during gamete formation. |
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Holandric traits |
Those linked to genes on the Y chromosomes Virtually none exist,likely because only males would have them |
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Sex linked traits |
Those linked to genes on the x chromosomes
Eg. Hemohilia, red-green colour blindness
More often seen in males because they are recessive and women hide the phenotype in hetero geno |
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Carrier |
A woman who is hetero so doesn't show the recessive phenotype |
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Multiple genes |
A trait that is controlled by more than 1 gene. -each gene makes a different contributes to the trait so more than 2 variations show up in a population Eg. Human eye color: controlled up to 15 genes |
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Blood transfusions |
Universal donor : type O Universal recipient : type AB |
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Mendel's second law |
Law of independent assortment Factors controlling unrelated traits separate independently of one another during gamete formation |
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Pedigree |
A chart that shows the patterns of transmission of a trait within a family A genetic family tree |
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Pedigree symbols |
Mating couple, male, female, offspring , birth order, hetero |
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How meiosis create genetic diversity |
1. Crossing over : sections of 1 member of homo pair switches with the same sections of the other member, mixing genetic info 2. Homo pairs : 2 chromosomes , 1 from female and 1 from male, Size, shape , and location of centro are same |
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Crossing over |
Occurs in prophase 1 |
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Steps in meiosis that show Mendel first law |
Metaphase II and anaphase II |
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Steps in meiosis that shows second law |
Telpphase II and anaphase II |