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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Asexual Reproduction

Produces identical copies or "clones" of parent. Offspring is raised by a single organism, and inherit the genes of the parent only.



Adv. -no partner involved


-simple cell division


-offspring is predictable

Examples of asexual reproduction

1. Plant runners eg strawberries



2.Budding - new individual developing from an outgrowth on


the body



3.Fragmentation - part of organism becomes detached and continues to grow independently.

Cell Cycle

Life cycle of a cell



-includes growth, duplication of chromosomes & cell division



-composed of interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

Interphase

Cell carries out normal functions, grows, and duplicates genetic material in preparation for the next stage

Mitosis

Stage when cells nucleus + genetic material divide



Genetic material separates , cell prepares to spilt into 2 identical cells



1.interphase


2.metaphase


3.anaphase


4.telephase

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Prophase

chromosomes condenses, becomes visible, spindle forms, nuclear membrane&nucleolus disappears

Metaphase

Pulled by spindle fibers, double stranded chromosomes line up along equatorial plate (align in the middle)

Anaphase

Centromeres divide&single stranded chromosomes pull away from each other

Telophase

Chromosomes arrive at the poles, spindle fibers dissolve, new nuclear

Cytokinesis

The cytoplasm and organelles divide evenly into 2 groups and 2 new cells form around them

Cleavage furrow

Pinches animal cells apart

Karyotyping

A test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, # of chromosomes in a sample of body cells.



Extra or missing chromosomes or abnormal positions can cause problems with someone's growth, development, and body functions

chromosomes

A condensed body of the molecule DNA (decoy ribonucleic acid) seen during cell division



-there are 46 chromosomes in human cells

Cell plate

Separates plant cells that remain stuck together

Gene

A section of DNA that can be decoded to produce a specific protein

Homologous pairs

One copy of each chromosomes can from each parent



-these have the same genes but the genes may give slightly different directions



Eg. Blonde vs brown hair

Karyotype

A display of chromosomes that arranges them from 1-22 plus a park of sex chrome


Arranged by -length, centromere location, banding pattern



-determine the sex


-see genetic abnormalities (extra/missing chrome)



- 2 x's female , 1 x and 1 y male

Autosomes (somatic chrome)

The name for all the other chromosomes in a cell

Left : female


Right : male

Down syndrome

Chrome 21



3 copies of 21 instead of 2 leads to non-disjunction during meiosis



Did not separate properly during anaphase 1 or 2

DNA

Adenine (A) -- Thymine (T)


Guanine (G) -- Cytosine (C)

Double helix

Twisted ladder shape

Nucleotide

The monomer that makes up DNA



Nucleotide is made of 3 components


-sugar


-phosphate


That forms on the side



-1 of the 4 nitrogen bases


Pairs up to form the rungs

Genonomics

The study of genomes (all genes found in a single organism, their functions&interactions)

DNA Bank

Database of DNA sequences from different species



Eg. 1) endangered & extinct species


2) heirloom agricultural species


3) convicted criminal

Genetic engineering

Inserting genes from one organism to another (GMO's)



Eg. Code "antifreeze" gene ->tomato plants

Mendel's first law

Law of segregation : park of factors controlling each trait. These factors separate during gamete formation.

Holandric traits

Those linked to genes on the Y chromosomes



Virtually none exist,likely because only males would have them

Sex linked traits

Those linked to genes on the x chromosomes



Eg. Hemohilia, red-green colour blindness



More often seen in males because they are recessive and women hide the phenotype in hetero geno

Carrier

A woman who is hetero so doesn't show the recessive phenotype

Multiple genes

A trait that is controlled by more than 1 gene.



-each gene makes a different contributes to the trait so more than 2 variations show up in a population



Eg. Human eye color: controlled up to 15 genes

Blood transfusions

Universal donor : type O


Universal recipient : type AB

Mendel's second law

Law of independent assortment



Factors controlling unrelated traits separate independently of one another during gamete formation

Pedigree

A chart that shows the patterns of transmission of a trait within a family



A genetic family tree

Pedigree symbols

Mating couple, male, female, offspring , birth order, hetero

How meiosis create genetic diversity

1. Crossing over : sections of 1 member of homo pair switches with the same sections of the other member, mixing genetic info



2. Homo pairs : 2 chromosomes , 1 from female and 1 from male,



Size, shape , and location of centro are same

Crossing over

Occurs in prophase 1

Steps in meiosis that show Mendel first law

Metaphase II and anaphase II

Steps in meiosis that shows second law

Telpphase II and anaphase II