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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Living things in order smallest to largest
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electron, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
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common characteristics of life
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movement, sensitivity, development, complexity, death
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fundamental charcateristcs
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composed of cells, reproduce, display hereditary, require energy, respond to stimuli, maintain homeostasis, evolve and adapt
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Species/taxa?
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group of organisms that can breed successfully with each other to produce viable offspring
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Binomial Nomenclature?
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linen system of classification, genus species
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taxonomy? (method of classification)
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the process of organizing species into larger and larger groups that have fewer and fewer common characteristics
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criteria used for classification
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source of energy, type of movement, structure, diet, appearence
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what can be used to create dichtomus key?
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phylogenic
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what 2 categories classify all organs
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prokryotes: no nuclei, very simple, two kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria)
eukaryotes: contain nuclei + organelles, increased complexity four kingdom (prostista, fungi, planate, animalia ) |
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seven levels of classification?
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kingodm, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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from prokaryotes?
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archaebacteria: ancient bacteria, extreme habitats, single celled, mostly chemotrauphic
eubacteria: youger, everywhere, unicellular, mostly heterotrophic both: non-cellulose wall if present, asexual, mobile |
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4 kingdoms from eukaryotes
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protista: mostly unicell, auto +hetero, non cellulose cell wall, asexual, mobile
fungi: multi cell, hetero (decomposers), non cellulose wall, sexual +asexual, non mobile Plantae: multi cell, photo, cellulose cell wall, asexual +sexual, non-mobile, animalia: multi, hetero, no cell walls, sexual reproduction, mobile |
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Viral structure
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protein coat: bag to hold material, determines shape
genetic material : small piece of nucleic acid, acts as brain of virus external proteins" used for recognition or attachment, may differ in the same type of virus |
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storage molecule for all instructions a cell may need
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dna
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working copy of 1 or 2 instructions to be used in a cell
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rna
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Viral Life cycle
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gets into cell(different pathways), takes over (dan or rna ), virus gets out (many copies made)
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viral life cycle, getting in?
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bacteriophage- attaches to cell + injects material
animal virus- triggers cell to eat virus through endocytosis plant virus- through cell wall injury, or pollen as carrier |
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what are the types of dna virus
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dna virus 2 days
lytic cycle + lysogenic cycle |
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lytic cycle
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fast, destroys cell DNA + replaces it with viral DNA, viral symptoms are immediate (ex small pox)
bacteriophage- attachment: at to cell wall at receptor site penetration: cell wall weakened by the viral enzymes + DNA of the virus is injected into the host synthesis: DNA of the host cell is inactivated & viral DNA takes over the cell, making viral proteins and DNA assembly: viral coats of protein (capsids) are combined with the viral DNA, filing the host cell with the new virus particles lysis: enzymes disrupt the host cell membrane from within release: newly formed virus particles are freed to infect other bacteria cell * see diagram in book |
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Lysogenic cycle
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slow combines its DNA with cell DNA, viral symptoms are delayed
bacteriphage- attachment and penetration like lytic cycle, but viral DNA become integrated into the host DNA which is not inactivated viral DNA then hides in the cell and is copied every time the cell is replicated no immediate sysmptoms- virus called latent virus and may stay dormant for years stimuli (stress, chemicals, radiation) may cause virus to reactivate and enter the lytic cycle |
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what are the types of RNA virus
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2- simple RNA & retrovirus
simple- takes over cell functions directly, avoids cell DNA entirely, slow or fast life cycle retro- uses an enzyme to rewrite cell's DNA with the viral RNA, en zyme make frequent mistakes thus has a very high mutation rate, long and slow life cycle |
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how does a virus get out of a cell?
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either cell lysis or exocytosis
cell lysis- virus particle build up inside, cell is completely destroyed exotoxins- virus is exported out of the cell, no damage to cell structure, can continue to make viruses, extremely rare |
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Is a virus alive
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no- can't reproduce without infecting a living thing although they are obligate parasites and can't live alone
can invade all cell types virus must use the machinery from other cells to reproduce cant respond, can't develop, no metabolism, no reproduction, no homeostasis but o contain complex components, die and move |
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***nicole if you are using these flashcards note that to should stop being lazy and start trying to pass biology
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i decided that I'm just going to use these flascards
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the evolutionary history of a species or a group
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phylogeny
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a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships or common ancestry or groups of species or populations
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phylogenice tree (cladogram)
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antibiotics info?
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popular 1960
selctive poison that kills certain bacteria without killing cell |
