Biology 108 Lab Practical #1

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4 Phyla of Fungi...

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Zygomycota, Asceomycota, Basidiomycota, Deuteromycota

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Bread mole, can reproduce asexually, and sexually, cells of hyphae are haploid, hyphae develop sporangi, hyphae produce gametangia that fuse forming zygosporangia

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Zygomycota

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Sac fungi, asci form 4-8 ascospores after meiosis in an asus, asci form within ascorp, some are born in apothecia, in asexual spores are in conida,

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Ascomycota

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Single celled organisms, reproduce asexually by budding, sexual reproduction produces asci with 4-8 spores

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Yeast (Sac Fungi)

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Common mushrooms we eat, non edible mushrooms (toadstools), some may cause disease like wheat rust, grow upward from an underground mycelial mass,

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Basidiomycota

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imperfect fungi, sexual stages have not been found, causes diseases like ringworm, athletes foot, and candida, produces penicillin, and bluecheese

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Deuteromycota

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Symbiotic association between algae and fungi, fungal component is sac like or club, body is thallus and gets its nutrients from photosynthesis of algae, can survive extreme harsh conditions but death is from poor air,

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Lichens

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Leafy Thallus (Foliose)
Crustlike (Crustose)
Branching or Cylindrical (Fruticose)

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Lichens

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Thread-like individual filaments

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Hyphae

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The body of the fungus

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Mycelium

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Present in cell walls of fungi, made of complex carbohydrates, including cellulose

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Chitin

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Round structure on the tips of hyphae

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Sporangia

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Sexual reproduction in the ascomycota fungi produces either 4 or 8 haploid...

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Ascospores

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Produced on the surface of special reproductive hyphae

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Conidia

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Process in which small cells form by pinching off the parent cell

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Budding

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Fungi with ascocarps shaped differently

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Cup Fungi

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The stalk

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Stipe

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Cap

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Pileus

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Underneath the cap, spores form on them

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Gills

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Bryophyta & mosses, Hepatophyta (Liverworts), Hornwarts (Anthocerophyta)

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Nonvascular Plants

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Seedless plants, Seed Plants

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Vascular Plants

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Specialized cells for the transport of materials

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Vacular Tissue

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Plant Body

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Thallus

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Circular cups which contain flat disks of green tissue

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Gemmae Cups

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Flat disks of green tissue that are washed out of the cups when it rains and grow into new genetically identical liverworts

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Gemmae

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Dark spots which are clusters of sporangia

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Sori (Sorus)

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Clusters of sporangia which produce spores

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Strobili

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Rootlike, multicellular structures

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Rhizoids

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Heart-shaped, haploid

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Gametophyte

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Diploid, dominant generation

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Sporophyte

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Female

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Archegonia

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Male

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Antheridia

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Most common group of nonvascular plants, gametophyte and sporophyte grow together,

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Mosses

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Bodies are flattened and lobed, can be found along streams and moist rocks, flat thallus, contains rhizoids, lack guard cells, contain gemmae cups,

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Liverworts

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Remains dormant and comes alive after it rains

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Selaginella

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Have green joined stems with occaisonal clusters of leaves or branches, cell walls contain silica which gives the stem its rough texture, used to scrub dishes, in cooler areas they grow along the road as weeds

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Horsetails

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Successful group of seedless vascular plants, small plants that lack woodly tissue, plants are sporophyte, contain rhizome,

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Ferns

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Producing male microspores which develop into pollen, and female megaspores

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Heterosporous

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Develops into the female Gametephyte which is retained within the megasporangium

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Megaspore

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Develop into pollen and female megaspores

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Microspore

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Produces one or more megsapores

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Megasporangium

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a structure in which microspores are formed

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Microsporangium

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Fertilizing structure of flowering plants, consisting of grains or spores

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Pollen

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Grow through the tissue of the megasporangium, penetrates ovule and releases male gametes

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Pollen Tube

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Released to fertilize the egg

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Sperm Nucleus

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Develops after fertilization

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Embryo

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Dormant embryo embedded in nutrient tissue of the female gametophyte and surrounded by the hardened sporangium wall

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Seed

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Present only in the spring, producing pollen within overlapping bracts, or scales

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Pollen Cones

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The small more rounded female cones (Which look like mini pine cones) are produced on stem tips in the spring

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Ovulate Cones

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Develops a multicellular female gametophyte with two archegonia in which the egg will form

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2nd Year Ovulate Cone

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Contains the megasporangium, located on upper surface of scales

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Ovule

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Tip of the pedicel where the flower parts attach

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Receptacle

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Contains the petals and sepals

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Perianth

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Contains stigma, style, and ovary. Female part

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Carpel

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Receptive tip of the carpel, often sticky or hairy, where pollen is placed, important to pollen germination

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Stigma

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Tissue connecting stigma to ovary, often long and narrow, but may be short or absent, pollen must grow through this tissue to fertilize the egg

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Style

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Base of carpel, protects ovules inside, matures to form the fruit

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Ovary

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Stalk that supports the flower

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Pedicel

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Pollen producing structure

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Anther

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Thin stalk that supports the anther

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Filament

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Colored, white, or even greenish whorl of bracts located just inside the sepals

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Petal

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Outer whorl of bracts, which may be green, brown, or colored like the petals, may appear as small scales or be petal-like

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Sepals

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triploid, will develop into a rich nutritive material for the support and development of the embryo

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Endosperm

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Greatly reduced female gametophyte

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Embryo Sac

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Dry fruit with one seed, ovary wall and seed coat are fused (grain)

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Achene

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Fleshy fruit, ovary with one seed, which is surrounded by a very hard stone (outer covering of the seed is formed from the inner ovary wall) Cherry

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Drupe

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Fleshy fruit, all of mature ovary tissue does not develop into fruit

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Berry

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Flowering plant, go from seed to seed in less than one year, superior conducting tissues,

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Angiosperms

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Trees & shrubs with woody persistent tissue, seed plants that do not produce flower, most common is the pine

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Gymnosperms