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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gene
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Region on DNA that has inherited information
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Alleles
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Version of the gene that codes the characteristics
(Females XX, Males XY) |
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Genotype
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What our genetic information is (found in the chromosome).
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Phenotype
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Physical expression of the genotype.
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Incomplete Dominance
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Sharing a color to make a mixed color. (Red + White = Pink)
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Epistasis
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One set of alleles control expression of another set of alleles.
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Complete Dominance
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Red or White not a mix of both
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Co-Dominance
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The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote.(Red and White).
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Law of Segregation
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Two alleles from each gene seperate durring gamete formation
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Law of Independent Assortment
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Alleles of genes on non homeologous chromosomes assort independently durring gamete formation.
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Monohybrid
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AAaa = Aa
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Dihybrid
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AAaa + BBbb = AaBb
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DNA is made up of?
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Phosphate group + 5-Carbon Sugar + Nitrogenous Base + dioxyribose.
ACGT |
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RNA is made up of?
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Phosphate group + 5-Carbon Sugar + Nitrogenous Base + Ribose
ACGU |
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What are Purines?
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Nitrogenous Base: 6-membered ring fused to a 5-membered ring. Adenine & Guanine
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What are Pyrimidines?
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NItrogenous Base: 6-membered ring. Thymine & Cytosine
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What is a deoxyribonucleotide?
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triphosphates linked together
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When does DNA replication occur?
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in S phase of interphase.
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What does the Helicase do?
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Break H-bonds to unwind the alpha helix.
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What is primase?
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Makes the RNA primer, gives 3' end for attachment of nucleotide triphosphates.
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DNA Polymerase III
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Adds nucleoside triphosphate to only 3' end of daughter, base pair matches, spell checks for base pair matching mistakes.
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DNA Polymerase I
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Replaces RNA primer with DNA.
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DNA Ligase
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Fuses DNA daughter strands together.
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What does Telomerase do.
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Produces a series of AACCCAA repeats to deal with end problem.
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Okozaki Fragments
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Lagging strand only, RNA primer, DNA polymerase III, Hop scotch to get a 3' end for nucleoside triphosphate
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Leading Strand
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DNA polymerase III breaks H-Bonds
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Lagging Strand
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Hop scotch because can not attach to 5' end, Okasaki fragments, polymerase jumps to RNA primer to give a 3' end.
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What does RNA polymerase do?
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Opens the DNA.
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What is Transcription?
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Copying DNA in the nucleus to produce premRNA using RNA polymerase.
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What is Translation?
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Translate mRNA with ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain, loads RNA with Amino Acids,
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Types of mutations?
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Occurs when going from DNA to RNA
Point Mutation Base Pair Mutation Base Pair Deletion Insertion |
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What does RNA Polymerase II do?
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Opens DNA and produces mRNA.
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What is the Promoter?
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Site of RNA polymerase II attachment
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What is the TATA box?
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part of the promoter box that allows attachment of the transcription factor.
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What is is tRNA?
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Produced in the nucleus and sent to cytoplasm to transger Amino Acids to ribosome.
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What is Ribosomal RNA?
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produced in nucleus, sent to cytoplasm to read and translate mRNA.
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What is mRNA?
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Copy of DNA information for protein.
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What is the spliceosome?
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Location of premRNA becoming mRNA.
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What is aminoacyl?
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tRNA synthesase loads specific Amino Acids into tRNA with correct anticodon.
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What does tRNA do?
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Delivers amino acid to ribosome.
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What is a ribosome for?
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Start Codon, Stop Codon, reads mRNA and produces polypeptide chain.
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What is the Golgi for?
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Changing shapes of proteins
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What did Griffiths experiment prove?
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Heat killed pathogenic bacteria could transform a nonpathogenic form of bacteria.
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Why is it advantageous for the cell for use mRNA as a template for protein synthesis instead of translating protiens directly from DNA?
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mRNA acts as an expendable copy of the DNA material.
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Since _____ can only add nucleotides to the _____ end of a growing strand of DNA, a _____ is required for DNA production.
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DNA polymerase III, 3', RNA primer
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Sickle cell anemia demonstrates how?
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A point mutation can change one amino acid affect protein structure.
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All polypeptide chains start with what amino acid? Why?
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Met; all mRNA start with the codon AUG
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The codon UAC is mutated to the codon UAG; what amino acid will be brought to the ribosome during translation? Could this cause a mistake in the polypepdite chain?
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No amino acid, yes
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Where are allels for Sex-linked traits located?
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sex chromosomes X only.
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What do the leading and lagging strands of DNA polynucleotide production have in common?
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DNA polymerase III can add nucleoside triphosphate only to 3' end of the growing strand.
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Pre-mRNA is produced and edited in the nucleus, plys two ribosome subunits and transfer RNA is produced by the culeolus, this process is called?
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Transcription
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What protects mRNA from being attacked by cytoplasmic enzymes?
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The 5' cap and poly A tail.
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What researcher used X-ray crystallography experiments to show the structure of DNA?
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Rosalind Franklin
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What does synthesis of a new leading strand of DNA begin with?
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an RNA primer
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What is the proper order of the Endomembrane system?
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Instert ribosome into ER, polypeptide chain produced in RER, Transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicle, cell membrane
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On the pre-mRNA, _____ will become the translated region of the mRNA and the _____ will be removed and not translated.
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Exons, Introns
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In rabbits, mice and many other mammals, one genotype (cc) prevents any fur color from being expressed. This is an example of what genetic variation?
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Epistasis
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How is the four letter language of nucleic acid bases ( A, T, G, C) converted into the 20- word language of amino acids?
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Nucleic acid bases produce 3-letter sequence that correspond amino acids.
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For pre-mRNA to be produced, RNA polymerase II binds to a site on DNA called the _____ region.
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Promoter/TATA box
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What is the proper sequence of events for protein synthesis?
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A small ribosomal subunit binds to AUG on mRNA, An aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the A site, A peptide bond forms between the new amino acid and polypeptide chain, tRNA moves to the P site, empty tRNA leaves the P site, and enters the E-site.
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What are the activities of DNA polymerase III in DNA replication?
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Spell check for base pair matching mistakes, continuous DNA synthesis of the leading strand, discontinuous DNA synthesis of the lagging strand
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What happens to the RNA primer?
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DNA polymerase I replaces the RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides
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When is DNA replication taking place?
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During the S phase of Interphase at the beginning of the cell cycle for Mitosis and Meiosis.
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How do cells get amino acids?
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You eat them.
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As triphosphate nucleosides are being added to a growing DNA or pre-mRNA chain, what is the nucleotide bond and reaction called?
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phosphodiester bond, condensation reaction
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The site on the replicating DNA strand at which the parent strands are being seperated is known as what?
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Replication fork
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true red flowers (RR) is crossed with true white flowers (rr) and a crop of (Rr) is expected but instead the plants are all _____. What happened?
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Pink, incomplete dominance was expressed.
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What does anitparallel mean?
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The strands run 5'-->3' and 3'-->5
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When pea plants that have yellow seeds (recessive trait) are crossed to pea plants that have green seeds (dominant trait), the entire F1 generation pea plants produced had yellow seeds. These results showed that the genotype for yellow seeds is_____?
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recessive or homozygous recessive
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What is the difference between TTP and the nucleoside triphosphate dTTP?
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dTTP has the sugar deoxyribose and TTP has the sugar ribose.
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A father with blood type AB is saying that a child with blood type AB is not his. Based on blood typing information given how could the person in question not be the father of the child.
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The mother of the child would have to be blood type O.
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During DNA replication, synthesis of the lagging strand is discontinuous and forms short segments of _____, _____, and _____ called_____?
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DNA polymerase III, RNA primer, DNA, Okazaki fragments
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During translation, what happens once the stop codon is reached what?
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A release factor will be inserted into the A site.
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An insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in mRNA sequence could cause a _____ which could lead to the production of a _____ polypeptide chain.
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frameshift, incorrect
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When two alleles for a trait are brown (B) and tan (b), and brown is dominant, the phenotype of a homozygous dominant individual would be expressed as _____.
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Brown
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The termination sequence on the DNA corresponds to the _____ codon on the mRNA.
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stop
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In DNA replication, once the DNA strands have been seperated by _____, reformation of the DNA strands and the DNA helix are prevented by _____.
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helicase, single-strand binding proteins.
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In order for translation to start, the _____ must attach at the _____ end of the mRNA. Then anticodon _____ matches the codon _____ and the tRNA brings the amino acid _____ to the _____ site.
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small ribosome, 5', TAC, AUG, Met, P
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What kind of bonds are hlding the nitrogenous bases of the parent and daughter strands together during DNA replication?
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hydrogen bonds
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What determines the nucleotide sequence of the newly synthesized strand of mRNA?
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the nucleotide sequence of the newly synthesized strand of mRNA.
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What cells dont have nucleic DNA?
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Red Blood Cells
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What did Mendels experiment show?
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Genetic information, Transmission, replication, genetic
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