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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plasma Membrane |
Primarily made of phospholipids- contains cells |
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Nucleus |
Contains genetic information - largest organelle in the cell - enclosed in a double membrane called the nuclear envelope |
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Nuclear Pores |
located in the nuclear membrane, allows mRNA to pass through |
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Nuclear lamina |
net inside nuclear envelope for shape and support |
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Nucleolus |
ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA are assembled and then shipped out of the nucleus through a nuclear pore |
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Ribosomes |
made of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA, perform protein synthesis- reads mRNA and makes a polypeptide chain - not made of membrane; not technically an organelle - either found free floating in liquid in the cell called cytosol or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Endomembrane system |
- only found in eukaryotes - series of membrane throughout the cell that divides the cell into compartments with different functions - All parts continuous with each other or connected by vesicles |
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Vesicles |
tiny sacs of membrane |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
- network of membrane attached to the nuclear envelope; little sacs and tubes |
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Rough ER |
- Ribosomes bound to the surface - makes glycoproteins/secretory proteins - membrane factory for cells - distributes vesicles |
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Smooth ER |
- no ribosomes on the outside - synthesizes lipids - detoxifies drugs - large amounts found in liver - stores calcium ions (used in muscle contractions) - can make membrane |
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Golgi Apparatus |
- made of flattened sacs of membrane called cisternae - looks like pita bread - recieves, sorts/ modifies, ships out products of the ER - 2 sides: cis-face- incoming- recieving (closer to ER), trans-face: outgoing- shipping (further from the ER) - vesicles leaving trans face have signaling molecules on surface for the destination |
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Lysosomes |
-membrane sacs of hydrolytic enzymes - job to break down or digest the macromolecules - hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes only work in acidic environment of lysosome, wont function at normal pH - recycles old or worn out organelle or cell parts- process called autophagy |
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Vacuoles |
-large vesicles made of plasma membrane - In animal cells, food vacuoles made by phagocytosis- cell eating - fungi- contractile vacuoles for pumping out excess water - plants have a central vacuole that holds water and ions |
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Mitochondria |
- 2 membranes - 1 inner, 1 outer - inner membrane folded into cristae- creates larger surface area for proteins of electron transport chain - space between membrane called intermembrane space - space on very inside called mitocondrial matrix |
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Mitochondrial DNA |
- mtDNA - completely seperate from nuclear DNA - 37 genes of mtDNA - only passed from mother to child (uniparental inheritence) |
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Chloroplasts |
- found in plant cells and algae - have their own DNA - 2 membranes: 1 inner, 1 outer - fluid inside called the stroma - tiny little green sacs called thylakoids stacked into granum |
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Cytoskeleton |
3 main types of fibers - microtubules- largest component - intermediate filament- middle sized - microfilament- smallest *purpose: to provide support for the cell, act as assistant for molecule movement (like tracks), and anchor organelles in place |
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Extra cellular matrix |
- the support system outside the cell - primarily glycoprotein and collagen - tight junction- prevents fluid leakage - anchoring junction- hold cells together - gap junction- allows small molecules to pass from cell to cell |
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Plasmodesmata |
-special channel between adjacent plant cells that allows fluid to pass between cells |
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Amphipathic |
- having both hydrophobic and hydophilic regions - the main purpose is to contain the cell and separate it from the liquid on the outside |
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Selectively Permeable |
Allows certain molecules to pass through but not others - gases can get through |
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Cholesterol |
- helps maintain stability in the membrane - at cool temps helps prevent brittleness - at warm temps keeps from being too liquid |
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Transport proteins |
allow specific ions/molecules to enter/exit the cell |
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Glycoproteins |
serve as markers, recognized by membrane protein of other cells |
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Aquaporins |
channel proteins that only allow water to pass through |
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Passive transport |
- random; no energy required - molecules diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they reach equillibrium - "moving down the concentration gradient" |
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Active transport |
- usually requires a source of energy - "going against the concentration gradient" - swimming upstream |
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Osmosis |
the diffusion of water |
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Isotonic |
equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell; no net movement of water (normal for animal cells) |
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Hypotonic |
high solute concentration inside the cell (normal for plant cells) - net movement of water in to the cell |
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hypertonic |
higher solute concentration outside the cell (not normal for plants or animal cells) - net movement of water out of the cell |
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endocytosis |
bulk movement into the cell |
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exocytosis |
bulk movement out of the cell |
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phagocytosis |
cell eating- bacterial cell, food particles |
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pinocytosis |
cell drinking- fluid with ions/ solutes |
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Inhibition enzyme |
when another inhibitor molecule makes it so the substrate cannot bind at the active site |
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competitive inhibition |
competes with the substrate for the active site |
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noncompetitive inhibition |
binds somewhere else on the enzyme besides the active site causing the active site to change shape |
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autotroph |
produce their own food; producers source of air for animals |
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heterotrophs |
dont produce their own food/energy; consumers |
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fermentation |
under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis still produces pyruvate but cellular respiration does not continue - 2 kinds: ethanol (alcohol) and lactic acid (muscles) |
