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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are some characteristics of prokaryotic cells?
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Pro—before, karyon—nucleus
A rare few have simple organelles but no nucleus Reactions typically proceed at the plasma membrane or in the cytoplasm |
None
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What are photoautotrophic cells?
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Cells that make their own food by a photosynthetic pathway that uses sunlight and CO2
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How do bacteria reproduce?
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Prokaryotic fission
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What are some pathogenic bacteria?
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West Nile, E. coli
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What is E. coli?
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The most common strain of E. coli lives inside the mammalian gut
This chemoheterotroph makes vitamin K, helps digest fat, and normally keeps foodborne pathogens in check by outcompeting them for nutrients |
None
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What is Rhizobium?
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Causes nitrogen-fixing nodules to form on roots of peas and many other legumes
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What are methanogens?
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Methane makers
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What are Archaebacteria?
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Prokaryotic, Methanogens (methane makers), extreme halophiles (salt lovers), or extreme thermophiles (heat lovers)
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What are some characteristics of viruses?
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A noncellular infectious particle that consists of DNA or RNA enclosed within a protein coat
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What is the lysogenic pathway of viral infection?
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A latent period extends the cycle
The virus doesn’t kill a host cell outright |
None
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What are prions?
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Infectious proteins
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What does endemic refer to?
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More or less are always present in a population but are confined to a small part of it
Tuberculosis |
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What are two modern-day pandemics?
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AIDS, SARS
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None
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What are antibiotics?
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Compounds synthesized by one organism that can kill another
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What are some descriptors of Protists?
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Have a nucleus
Most also have mitochondria, ER, and Golgi bodies Have more than one chromosome, each consisting of DNA Divide by way of mitosis, meiosis, or both |
None
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How do trypanosomes enter a vertebrate body?
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Biting insects
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What is Paramecium?
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A freshwater species
Outer body cover consists of rigid or flexible membranes, cilia sweep food into gullet, then it is enclosed in enzyme-filled vesicles Depends on contractile vacuoles to expel water |
None
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What single-celled organisms have a hardened shell?
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Diatom
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What organisms cause red tide?
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Karenia brevis
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What caused the Irish potato famine?
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Water mold
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What is Plasmodium and what does it infect?
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Causes Malaria. Infected more than 300 million people in tropical parts of the world, especially sub-Saharan Africa
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Where is agar extracted from?
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Cell walls
Keeps baked goods and cosmetics moist, firms up jellies, and is used as a culture medium and as soft capsules for drugs |
None
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What Protistans are most similar to plants?
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Green algae
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What Protistans are not heterotrophs?
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Apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, stramenopiles—oomycotes
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Which Protistans are least mobile?
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Plasmodiums
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How do fungi digest food?
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Secrete digestive enzymes, then individual cells absorb digestive bites
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What are saprobes?
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Organisms that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material and cause its decay
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What are the life-cycles of the fungi?
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Club fungus cycle:
1) haploid mycelium is buried in soil or decaying wood 2) sexual reproduction begins with fusion of two mating strains of hyphae. This produces a mycelium with each cell having two haploid nuclei. Specialized hyphae form fruiting bodies under favorable conditions. Nonmotile, haploid spores form in club-shaped cells on mushroom. Air currents disperse spores. Review 20.9 in notes |
None
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What are the reproductive cells of fungi?
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Spores
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Most food-spoiling molds are?
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Multicelled sac fungi
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What is a lichen?
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Consists of a fungal species intertwined with one or more photoautotrophs, most often green algae or cyanobacteria
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What group of fungi do mushrooms belong to?
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Club Fungi
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What type of relationship is exhibited by mycorrhizae and plants?
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They are mutualists
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What type of fungi do wine-makers depend on?
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Yeast
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What are the three types of embryonic tissues?
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Outer ectoderm, Inner endoderm, Coelom
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What invertebrate phylum has the most species?
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Anthropods
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What terms describe all animals?
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Multicelled
Heterotrophs Reproduce sexually and asexually Embryos usually develop through a series of stages |
None
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What is a complete digestive tract?
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Tubular gut, starts at a mouth and ends at an anus
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What animals have radial symmetry?
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Marine
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What is coelom?
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Tissue that lies between the gut and body wall and has a lining
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What are some characteristics of sponges?
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No symmetry, tissues, or organs. Typically “filter feeders.”
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What are nematocysts?
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Capsules with dischargeable tube-shaped threads which may have an open-tipped barb for delivering toxin
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What is mesoglea?
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Lies between the epidermis and gastrodermis
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What is Obelia?
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Has a medusa as its sexual stage
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What are the three classes of flatworms?
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Turbellarians—tubellaria, Flukes—Trematoda, Tapeworms—Cestoda
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Which flatworms absorb predigested food from their hosts?
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Tapeworms
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Which mollusks have memory capability?
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Cephalopods
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What are setae?
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Bristles, they provide traction for moving through the earth
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What is metamorphosis?
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The body form changes from embryo to adult—under hormonal commands, their size increases, tissues reorganize, and body parts undergo remodeling
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What is elephantiasis?
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A severe case of edema. Adults get lodged in lymph nodes, obstructing lymph flow, which backs up into tissue spaces and enlarges the legs, feet, and other body parts
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What are nephridia?
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Regulate the volume and composition of body fluids
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How can you classify anthropods based on antennae?
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None—spiders, ticks, and mites teliceroda
One—insects Two—crustations |
None
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What are book lungs?
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Internally moistened sacs for gas exchange
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What is a water-vascular system?
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Unique to echinoderms
Connect to tube feet which help the organisms move |
None
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What are some characteristics of insects that make them so successful?
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Hardened exoskeletons
Jointed appendages Specialized segments and fused-together segments Respiratory structures |
None
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What are the four-chordate features?
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Notochord—a long rod of stiffened tissue that helps support the body
The nervous system develops from a tubular, dorsal nerve cord, which runs parallel to notochord and gut Embryos have distinctive slits in the wall of their pharynx, which is a muscularized tube A tail forms in embryos and extends past the anus |
None
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What are lancelets?
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Cephalochordata
Fish-shaped, translucent animals |
None
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In what did the vertebrate jaw first appear?
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Placoderms
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From what structures did lungs develop in fishes?
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Gills
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What are some jawless fishes?
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Lamprey
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How do lampreys feed?
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They are parasitic. They attach to prey with a sucker like oral disk
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What make sharks uniquely different from other fish?
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Cartilaginous. Cartilage skeletons
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What are coelacanths?
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Lobe-fin fish
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What do amphibians need an aquatic environment for?
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To lay eggs
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What feature distinguishes amphibians from earlier vertebrates?
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Their heart was divided into three chambers to pump more oxygen-rich blood to cells
They promoted the expansion of the brain regions that received, interpreted, and responded to the richly novel sensory input |
None
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Which group first exhibited an amniote egg?
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Reptiles
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What characteristics separate reptiles from amphibians?
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Anphibians are the group of vertebrates that were the first tetrapods (four-legs) on land. They either have four legs or four-legged aquatic ancestor, and the body plan and reproductive modes are somewhere between fish and "reptiles." They lay their eggs in the water.
Reptiles are the only vertebrates that produce eggs having four membranes. All have dry, tough, or scaly skin that restricts water loss and have a pair of efficient water-conserving kidneys |
None
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Which reptiles have a four-chambered heart?
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Crocodilian
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What are mammalian characteristics?
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Only vertebrates with hair and mammary glands
Care for young for extended periods Born with the capacity to learn and to repeat behavior with survival value—behavioral flexibility—expand on basic activities with novel behaviors |
None
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What brain region in mammals deals with balance?
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Cerebellum
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What group relies on placenta?
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Eutherians
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What are anthropoids?
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Monkeys, apes, and humans
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In which group is bipedalism most highly developed?
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Hominids
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What features are characteristic of evolutionary trends in primates?
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Less reliance on the sense of smell and more on daytime vision
Skeletal changes led to upright walking, which freed the hands for novel tasks Changes in bones and muscles led to refined hand movements Teeth became less specialized Evolution of the brain, behavior, and culture became interlocked |
None
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Who was Homo erectus?
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A species on the evolutionary road to modern humans. “Upright Man”
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What are the egg-laying mammals?
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Monotremes, Platypus, Two ant eaters
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What is a tissue?
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Community of cells and intercellular substances that are interacting in one or more tasks
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What are the extracellular fluids?
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Not found inside cells
Interstitial fluid—fills the spaces between cells and tissues Plasma—liquid portion of blood |
None
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What are the main transport tissues of plants?
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Vascular systems
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What do vascular systems transport?
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Gasses, nutrients, water, hormones, wastes, and infection-fighting white cells
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What is apoptosis?
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The process of programmed cell death
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What are effectors?
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Muscles, glands, or both—carry out responses
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What are circadian rhythms?
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A biological activity repeated in cycles that each last close to 24 hours
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What is transduction?
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When a signal is "transduced"- it is changed into a form that can operate inside the cell.
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None
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What is an example of homeostatic mechanism in the human?
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Sensory receptors—detect stimuli, which are specific forms of energy
Integrator—a central command post that receives and processes information about stimuli Effectors—muscles, glands, or both—carry out responses |
None
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