Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Natural Capital
|
Natural Resources + Natural Services
ex. air, water, nonrenewable minerals/energy, land, soil, life, solar capital, renewable energy |
|
|
Natural Resources
|
material and energy in nature that are essential or useful to humans
2 categories-- renewable (water, air, land, soil, life) or nonrenewable (copper, oil, coal) |
|
|
Natural Services
|
functions of nature, which support life and human economies
ex. purification of air and water, ecosystems, population control, food production, climate control |
|
|
Natural Capital Degradation
|
digression of normally renewable natural resources and services in parts of the world because of population rise and resource usage per person
ex. pollution, global warming, extinction, soil erosion, shrinking forests |
|
|
Sustainability
|
the ability of the earth's various natural systems and human cultural systems and economies to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely
|
|
|
Recycling
|
collecting waste materials and processing them into new materials
|
|
|
Scientific Method
|
a process of applying logical thought to answering questions about how things work
observe, question, hypothesize, experiment |
|
|
Hypothesis
|
a possible answer to the problem
|
|
|
Experiment
|
predict a new observation and then arrange things so you can make this new observation
|
|
|
Knowledge doesn't =
|
being
|
|
|
Transcendent
|
the real world is perfect and transcendent, and that our knowledge is an attempt to create an imitation of it
|
|
|
Biology
|
study of life
|
|
|
Chemistry
|
study of atomic/molecular interactions
|
|
|
Physics
|
study of the fundamental components of reality
|
|
|
Geology
|
earth science
|
|
|
"Way of Ignorance"
|
T.S. Eliot
to be careful, to know the limits and efficacy of our knowledge. to be humble and to work on an appropriate scale |
|
|
Earth
|
one of the inner planets, third rock from the sun, has an inner core, mantle, and crust
|
|
|
Core
|
hot inside of earth, part of the geosphere
|
|
|
Mantle
|
composed mostly of rock, part of the geosphere
|
|
|
Crust
|
thin outer part of geosphere
|
|
|
Elements
|
different kinds of atoms, each made up of 3 types of particles-- protons, neutrons, electrons
|
|
|
Protons
|
big, positively charged
|
|
|
Neutrons
|
Big, no charge
|
|
|
Electrons
|
Small, negative charge
|
|
|
Charge
|
due to the number of protons and neutrons
|
|
|
Hydrogen
|
(H) element, 1 of 4 elements that make up 96% of body weight
|
|
|
Continental crust
|
underlying the continents
|
|
|
Oceanic crust
|
underlying the oceans
|
|
|
Lithosphere
|
the crust plus the underlying solid layer of the mantle
|
|
|
Asthenosphere
|
lower portion of mantle, melted rock-- flows slowly
|
|
|
Convection cells
|
result when cooler rock near the surface flow toward the center
|
|
|
Tectonic Plates
|
movement in the asthenosphere induces movement in the solid lithosphere, which is divided into seven huge sections called TECTONIC PLATES
|
|
|
Continental Drift
|
long term changes in the position of the continents
|
|
|
Divergent Plates
|
material from the mantle is added to the plates because the plates are pulling apart from eachother
|
|
|
Convergent Plates
|
place where plates crunch together
|
|
|
Trench
|
formed at the bend of two converging plates
|
|
|
Transform Fault
|
places where plates slide by eachother
|
|
|
Volcano
|
form where plates collide (convergent).
occur where molten rock (magma) from the earth's interior emergest through an opening in the lithosphere |
|
|
Magma
|
molten rock from the earth's interior
|
|
|
Hot Spot
|
volcanism in the middle of a plate
|
|
|
Earthquake
|
shock waves generated by the sudden movement or 'slippage' of plates at boundaries and faults
|
|
|
New Madrid
|
an area where a fault is on land, includes western Kentucky
|
|
|
Tsunami
|
means 'big wave', generated by submarine earthquakes, landslides, or by effects of volcanic eruptions
|
|
|
Rock Cycle
|
formed directly in the cooling of the crust, but once formed, it is subject to dynamic forces (earthquakes, etc.) and weathering
|
|
|
Mineral
|
naturally occurring compounds with a crystalline structure
|
|
|
Weathering
|
breaking down of rock into small particles, which results from physical and chemical forces such as freezing, grinding, flowing water, oxygen, etc. Plants and decomposers contribute
|
|
|
Erosion
|
smaller particles are subject to being washed away or blown away
|
|
|
Transport
|
eroded particles being moved due to gravity, wind, water, collect in areas of deposition
|
|
|
Deposition
|
where eroded particles that are transported collect
|
|
|
Igneous
|
original rock, bulk of the earth's crust, results from cooling of magma, continually being formed by upwelling of magma, creating granite, lava, pumice, basalt, etc.
|
|
|
Sedimentary
|
formed from deposition of eroded rock particles, often underwater. As these deposited layers get buried, they can become fused to form distinctly layered rock-- limestone, shale, sandstone
|
|
|
Metamorphic
|
rocks are buried and experience high temperatures and pressures
limestone---> marble shale----> slate sandstone----> quartz |
|
|
Atmosphere
|
think spherical envelope of gases surrounding the earth's surface
|
|
|
Hydrosphere
|
consists of all the water on or near the earth's surface; liquid water, ice, permafrost water vapor
|
|
|
Surface Temperature
|
determined by the energy coming from the outside (sun)
|
|
|
Energy
|
the capacity to do work and transfer heat
2 main forms: kinetic-- mass moving potential-- "stored" in the structure, molecule, nucleus |
|
|
Kinetic Energy
|
mass moving
|
|
|
Potential Energy
|
"stored" in a structure, molecule, nucleus--- able to become kinetic under right conditions
|
|
|
Nuclear Fusion
|
how the sun gets its energy;
atoms of hydrogen fuse to form helium-- releases large amounts of energy requires extremely high pressure and temperature conditions |
|
|
Electromagnetic waves
|
released by hot bodies (sun)
light measures their energy level E= hc/ upside down y E: energy h: planck's constant c: speed of light upsidedown y: wavelenth |
|
|
Photon
|
particle property of light
|
|
|
Wavelength
|
property of light, measures energy level
|
|
|
EM waves-
Gamma,X, UV,visible, infrared, micro, radio |
high energy, short wavelength - low energy, long wavelength
|
|
|
Peak Intensity
|
Max wavelength= 2.88 x 10^6 / T
|
|
|
Total Energy
|
distributed around the peak wavelength, of ROYGBIV--- blue green is at peak
|
|
|
Energy Density
|
Density decreases with distance from the sun
|
|
|
Solar Constant
|
2 cal/cm^2/min
|
|
|
Dynamic Equilibrium
|
a balance of inputs and outputs
ex. leave the tap on, open the drain |
|
|
Input
Output |
variable
constant |
|
|
Greenhouse effect
|
rise in temperature that the earth faces due to the gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane) trap heat
|
|
|
Ice Age
|
last many thousands of years, covered with ice miles deep, altered the landscape and created lakes and rivers when they melted
|
|
|
Sea Level
|
changes with the change in ice pack
|
|
|
Feedback loops
|
causal cycles rather than simple causal chains like A affects B affects C
|
|
|
Negative feedback
|
increase in A increases B, which decreases A, opposite effect on A
|
|
|
Positive feedback
|
increase in A increases B, which further increases A, same effect
|
|
|
Re-radiation
|
negative feedback, increasing solar input (heating) results in increased radiation to space (cooling)
|
|
|
Water Vapor
|
positive feedback, increased temperature increases evaporation, increased water vapor in atmosphere increases greenhouse effect
|
|
|
Poles
|
dry air moves towards
|
|
|
Hemisphere
|
north and south, have opposite seasons
|
|
|
Latitude
|
air cools and descends at lower latitudes
|
|
|
Trade Winds
|
when an ocean currents move heat around, due to earth's rotation faster at equator than at pole
|
|
|
Convection cells
|
warm moist air rises at equator, cools, rains; high dry air moves toward poles, cools and sinks.
|
|
|
Hadley Cells
|
six in earth, redistribute heat and moisture
|
|
|
Convection
|
way heat is transferred:
movement of heated fluid due to density |
|
|
Conduction
|
way heat is transferred:
direct contact – molecular collisions |
|
|
Radiation
|
EM waves from hot body
|
|
|
Topography
|
alters climate, higher altitude air is colder-- lower pressure
|
|
|
Altitude
|
high altitude-- colder
|
|
|
Rain Shadow
|
drier on the "lee" side
|
|
|
Weather
|
large air masses generally moving and interacting- local climate conditions frequently change
|
|
|
Front
|
where different air masses contact, energy is transferred
|
|
|
Warm front
|
moving warm air mass contacts a cold mass, it rises up, widespread clouds
|
|
|
Cold Front
|
moving cold mass drives under a warm air mass, sudden cooling, strong winds and rain
|
|
|
Tornado
|
high energy concentration can result in special storms with spiraling high velocity winds
|
|
|
Hurricane
|
high energy concentration can result in special storms with spiraling high velocity winds
|
|
|
Hydrologic Cycle
|
solar driven evaporation of water into air begins a ccle as the warm most air rises, condenses to clouds and rain, which returns directly to surface water (lakes, oceans) via rivers and underground (ground water flow) and so on
|
|
|
Percent Composition of the Atmosphere (CO2, O2, N2)
in Venus, Mars, Earth w/out life, Earth |
CO2 O2 N2
Venus 96.5 trace 3.5 Mars 95 .13 2.7 Earth 98 .0 1.9 w/outlife Earth .03 21 78 |
|
|
photosynthesis
|
generates oxygen as a by-product, the source of the oxygen0rich atmosphere on earth
|
|
|
Biosphere
|
lithosphere+ hydrosphere + atmosphere + life
biosphere is thin |
|
|
aerobic metabolism
|
a consequence of the change due to photosynthesis
|
|
|
respiration
|
energy in sugar used for metabolism
Sugar + O2 = Energy +CO2 + H2O |
|
|
ozone
|
sunlight interacts with oxygen to create
absorbs ultraviolet waves in the sunlight, which are high energy and potentially damaging to living organisms |
