Biology 101 Midterm (Chp 1-3)

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Systems Biology

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constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems

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Eukaryotic Cell

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has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus

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Prokaryotic Cells

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simpler than eukaryotic cells and usually smaller; does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles

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Chromosomes

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contain most of a cell's genetic material in the form of DNA

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Genes

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the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring

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Genome

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an organism's entire of set of genetic instructions

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Bioinformatics

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the use of computational tools to process a large volume of data

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Negative feedback

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as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced

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Positive Feedback

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as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced

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Taxonomy

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branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth

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What domains comprise of the prokaryotes?

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Domain Bacteria and Archaea

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Discovery Science

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describes natural structures and processes based on observation and the analysis of data

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Hypothesis-based Science

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uses a tentative answer to a well-framed question to help design an experiment

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Inductive reasoning

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draws conclusion through the logical process of induction

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Deductive reasoning

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uses general premises to make specific predicitons

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Element

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a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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Compound

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a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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Atoms

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the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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Neutrons

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~have no electrical charge

~located in the atomic nucleus

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Protons

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~have a positive charge

~located in the atomic nucleus

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Electrons

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~have a negative charge

~located in cloud surrounding the atomic nucleus

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Atomic Number

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the number of protons in its nucleus

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Mass Number

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the sum of protons plus neutrons int he nucleus

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Atomic Mass

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the atom's total mass (can be approximated by the mass number)

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Isotopes

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two atoms of an element that differ in the number of protons but may differ in number of neutrons

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Energy

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the capacity to cause change

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Potential Energy

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the energy that matter has because of its location or structure

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Electron Shell

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an electron's state of potential energy; it's energy level

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Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

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it is impossible to absolutely define (at the same time) both the position and the momentum of an electron

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Covalent Bond

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the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms

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Molecule

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consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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Single Bond

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the sharing of one pair of valence electrons

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Double Bond

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the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons

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Nonpolar Covalent Bond

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the atoms share the electron equally

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Polar Covalent Bond

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one atom is more electronegative and the atoms do not share the electron equally; causes partial positive and negative charges

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Electronegativity

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a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

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Ionic Bonds

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the act of an atom stripping electrons from their bonding partners

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Salts

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compounds formed by ionic bonds

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Hydrogen Bond

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forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

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Van der Waals interactions

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attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of "hot spots" of positive or negative charge

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Reactants

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starting molecules of a chemical reaction

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Products

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the final molecules of a chemical reaction

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Polar Molecule

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the opposites of the molecule have opposite charges

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Cohesion

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when collectively hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together

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Adhesion

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an attraction between different substances

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Surface tension

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a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

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Kinetic Energy

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energy of motion

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Heat

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measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion

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Temperature

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measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules

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Calorie

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the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree Celsius

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Specific Heat

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the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change it's temperature by 1 degree C

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Heat of vaporization

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the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas

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Solution

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a liquid that is a homogenous mixture of substances

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Solvent

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the dissolving agent of a solution

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Solute

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the substance that is dissolved

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Aqueous Solution

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solution in which water is the solvent

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Hydrophilic

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substance that has an affinity for water

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Hydrophobic

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substance that has an aversion to water

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Colloid

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a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid

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Acid

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any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution

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Base

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any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution