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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Leading Strand |
The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously |
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Lagging Strand |
The DNA Strand that is replicated discontinuously from 5 to 3 direction |
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Define Okazaki Fragments |
Short fragments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strands |
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Silent Mutation |
- If the mutated gene encodes the same protein - A base pair change in DNA that has no observable effect |
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What happens to pre-mRNA before it becomes mRNA to be translated at the end of transcription?
Hint: It's three things |
- Small ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA transcript
- Initiator tRNA attaches to P site
- Large ribosomal subunit joins the small subunit |
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Know that each codon only codes for ____ specific amino acid |
one |
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The process of translation |
1) Initiation: small ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA transcript
2) Elongation: codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation
3) Termination: previous tRNA moves to the P state |
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Transcription |
1) Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to promoter
2) Elongation: Enyzmes moves 3 to 5
3) Termination: terminator sequence; makes mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
*It is essentially DNA replication except you use RNA polymerase |
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What is codon and where is it found? |
- a sequence of 3 nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
- mRNA is where it is located |
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What is anticodon and where is it found? |
- a sequence of 3 nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a tranfer RNA molecules, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA
- Found in one end of tRNA |
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1 START Codon & 3 STOP Codon |
START - AUG STOPS - UAA, UAG, and UGA |
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What are Chargaff's Rules? |
- The amounts of A, T, G, C are constant within a species
- Vary from species to species
- Within a species there is an equal amount of A/T = C/G |
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Semi-Conservative |
Each strand of the original helix serves as a template for a new strand in a daughter molecule |
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What causes Alzheimers & Mad Cow Disease? |
Misfolded proteins |
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Watson & Crick |
- Used clues to build DNA Model - Won 1962 Nobel Prize |
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Rosalind Franklin |
- Xray diffraction images - Produced xray images - gave evidence to DNA features: DNA is a helix; some portion is repeated |
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Erwin Chargaff |
Paired A/T & C/G together |
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Hersey & Chase |
Showed DNA was genetic material
*Coli with virus (only DNA or Protein) |
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Frederick Griffith |
- Mode the first step in identifying DNA as genetic material
- S. pneumoniae strains; Type R or rough and Type S or smooth |
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Are the 3 components to a nucleotide? |
1) Sugar: either ribose or deoxyribose
2) Nitrogenous Bases: (A,G,C) & T or U
3) Phosophate Groups |
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What are 4 nitrogenous bases? Which are Purines or Pyrimidines? What do Adenine & Cytosine bind with? |
Purines - Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines - Cytosine and Thymine
Adenine binds with Thymine Cytosine binds with Guanine |
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3 Major Types of RNA |
1) Messenger: mRNA; takes a message from DNA in the nucleus to ribsomes in the cytoplasm
2) Ribsomal: rRNA; makes up ribsomes which read the message mRNA
3) Transfer: tRNA; Transfer the appropriate amino acids to the ribsomes for protein synthesis |
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Genome |
all the genetic material in a cell |
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Helicase |
unwinds double helix |
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Primase |
adds short RNA primer to templet |
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DNA Polymerase |
binds nucleotides to form new strands |
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Ligase |
Joins okazaki fragments & seals sugar phosphate backbone together |
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DNA vs RNA |
Sugar deoxyribose vs ribsose
Nucleotide Bases A/G/C/T vs A/G/C/U
Form double stranded vs single stranded
Function DNA - Stores RNA, tranfers into daughter cells protein, encoding information
RNA - carries protein-econding information, catalyzes some reaction, help makes protein |
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Mutagen |
any external agent that causes a mutation |
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Define Trascription & Translation Which part of the cell do the occur? |
Transcription: gene's DNA sequence copied to RNA found in nucleus
Translation: RNA used to manufacture a protein found in the cytoplasm |
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Spontaneous and Induced mutations |
Spontaneous mutations - DNA replication error
Induced mutations - useful for science & agriculture |
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Germline Mutations vs Somatic Mutations |
Germline Mutations: occurs in the cells that gives rise to sperm and egg cells; every cell of the organism's affect offspring will carry the mountain as well
Somatic Mutations: are not passed on |
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Mutation |
a change in a DNA sequence |
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Define missense, nonsense, frameshift, duplication, and insertation |
Missense: TKQ ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE
Nonsense: THE ONE BIG ________
Frameshift: THE ONE QBI GFL YHA DON ERE DEY
Duplication: THE ONE BIG FLY FLY HAD ONE RED EYE
Insertation: THE ONE BIG WET FLY HAD ONE RED EYE |
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The steps of DNA Replication |
1) Helicase seperates strands 2) Binding proetins prevent single strand from rejoining 3) Primase makes a short stretch of RNA on the DNA template 4) DNA polymerases adds DNA nucleotides to RNA 5) Leading strands synthesis 6) Discontinues Okazaki fragments on lagging strands 7) Enzymes replace RNA primer with DNA and Ligase seals sugar-phosphates backbone |
