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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Energy
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-makes the world go round
-the capacity to perform work |
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Kinetic Energy
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-the energy of motion
-machines and organisms can transform kinetic energy to potential energy and vice versa |
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Potential Energy
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-stored energy
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Conservation of Energy
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-in energy transformations, total energy is conserved
-energy cannot be created or destroyed |
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Heat
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-a type of kinetic energy
-a product of all energy conversions -every energy conversion releases some randomized energy in the form of heat |
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Entropy
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-scientists use this term as a measure of disorder, or randomness
-all energy conversions increase the entropy of the universe |
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Chemical Energy
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-Molecules store varying amounts of potential energy in the arrangement of their atoms
-organic compounds are rich in chemical energy -released by the breakdown of organic molecules during cellular respiration -used to generate molecules of ATP |
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Cellular Respiration
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-the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of fuel molecules that provides energy for cells to do work
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Calorie
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-the amount of energy tat raises the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
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Food Calories
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-kilocalories, equal to 1,000 calories
-energy of calories on food is burned off by many activities |
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ATP
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-acts like an energy shuttle
-stores energy obtained from food -releases it later as needed -adenosine triphosphate -consists of adenosine plus a tail of three phosphate groups -is broken down to ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy -energizes other molecules by transferring phosphate groups -energy helps cells perform mechanical work, transport work, and chemical work |
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ATP Cycle
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-cellular work spends ATP
-ATP is recycled from ADP and a phosphate group through cellular respiration -a working muscle cell spends and recycles about 10 million ATP molecules per second |
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Metabolism
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-the total of all chemical reactions in an organism
-most metabolic reactions require the assistance of enzymes |
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Enzymes
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-proteins that speed up chemical reactions
-lower the activation energy for chemical reactions -every enzyme is very selective, catalyzing a specific reaction -can function over and over again -each enzyme recognizes a substrate |
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Activation Energy
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-activates the reactants
-triggers a chemical reaction |
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Induced Fit
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-the active site fits to the substrate, and the enzyme changes shape slightly
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Enzyme Inhibitors
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-can prevent metabolic reactions by binding to the active site
-bind at a remote site -change the enzyme's shape -prevent the enzyme from binding to its substrate |
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Induced Fit
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-the active site fits to the substrate, and the enzyme changes shape slightly
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Feedback Regulation
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-some products of a reaction may inhibit the enzyme required for its production
-prevents the cell from wasting resources |
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Enzyme Inhibitors
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-can prevent metabolic reactions by binding to the active site
-bind at a remote site -change the enzyme's shape -prevent the enzyme from binding to its substrate |
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Transport Proteins
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-are located in membranes
-regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell |
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Feedback Regulation
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-some products of a reaction may inhibit the enzyme required for its production
-prevents the cell from wasting resources |
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Diffusion
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-the tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out into the available space
-an example of passive transport |
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Transport Proteins
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-are located in membranes
-regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell |
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Diffusion
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-the tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out into the available space
-an example of passive transport |
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Passive Transport
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-the diffusion of a substance across a membrane without the input of energy
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Concentration Gradient
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-a region in which the substance's density changes
-substances diffuse down their concentration gradient |
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Facilitated Diffusion
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-substances that do not cross membranes spontaneously can be transported via facilitated diffusion
-specific transport proteins act as selective corridors -no energy input is needed |
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Osmosis
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-the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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Hypertonic Solution
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-has a higher concentration of solute
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Hypotonic Solution
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-has a lower concentration of solute
-plant cells require a hypotonic environment |
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Isotonic Solution
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-has an equal concentration of solute
-most animal cells require an isotonic environment |
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Osmoregulation
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-the control of water balance within a cell or organism
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Plasmolysis
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-a plant cell's plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall, which usually kills the cell
-shriveling -as a plant cell loses water |
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Exocytosis
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-the secretion of large molecules within vesicles
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Endocytosis
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-takes material into a cell within vesicles that bud inward from the plasma membrane
-three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Phagocytosis
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-cellular eating
-a cell engulfs a particle and packages it within a food vacuole |
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Pinocytosis
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-cellular drinking
-a cell "gulps" droplets of fluid by forming tiny vesicles |
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
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-a cell takes in very specific molecules
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Signal Transduction Pathways
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-triggered by receptors on a cell surface
-relay the signal -convert it to chemical forms that can function within the cell |
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Phospholipids
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-key ingredients of membranes
-were probably among the first organic compounds that formed before life emerged -self-assemble into simple membranes |
