Biology 101 Chapter 4

Front 1

Why is Galileo important to Biology?

Back 1

First person to make up the idea of "cell theory"

Front 2

Why is Robert Hooke important to Biology?

Back 2

First person to coin the term "cell" because of the way it looked through the microscope

Front 3

Why is Anton van Leeuwenhoek important to Biology?

Back 3

First to observe microorganisms using his self made microscope

Front 4

Why is Robert Brown important to Biology?

Back 4

Discovery of the cell nucleus and cytoplasmic streaming

Front 5

Why is Matthias Schleiden important to Biology?

Back 5

He concluded that all plant parts are made of cells and that an embryonic plant organism arises from the one cell

Front 6

What are the 3 points about Cell Theory?

Back 6

1. All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Front 7

Describe a Prokaryote Cell

Back 7

Cell wall made of Peptidoglycan. Flagellum is Solid. Dna is Circular. Does not have protein with DNA. Small in size 5um and does not have membrane enclosed organelles.

Front 8

Describe a Eukaryote Cell

Back 8

Cell wall made of Cellulose or Chitin. Flagellum is Hollow (Tubulin). DNA is linear. Has protein with DNA. Larger in size (10um or more). Has membrane enclosed organelles

Front 9

What do animal cells have ?

Back 9

1. Centriole
2. Lysosome
3. Flagellum

Front 10

What do plant cells have?

Back 10

1. Cellulose Cell Wall
2. Central Vacuole
3. Chloroplast

Front 11

What is Cytoplasm?

Back 11

The Entire region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus (cytosol + organelles)

Front 12

What is Cytosol?

Back 12

Fluid in the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Front 13

What is the Protoplasm?

Back 13

Nucleus and Cytoplasm

Front 14

What is the Plasma membrane made of?

Back 14

Phospholipids and Proteins

Front 15

What kind of arrangement of the phospholipids are in the cell membrane?

Back 15

Bilayer

Front 16

What do Membrane proteins do?

Back 16

Maintain Shape of cell, Receptor proteins, enzymes, transport proteins, adhesion proteins and recognition proteins

Front 17

What is Envelope?

Back 17

Two membranes

Front 18

True or False: The Nucleus has pores?

Back 18

True

Front 19

What is nucleoplasm?

Back 19

Viscous material inside the nucleous

Front 20

What is the nucleolus?

Back 20

Dense globular mass inside the Nucleus

Front 21

What is chromatin?

Back 21

All the DNA and their associated protein

Front 22

What is a chromosome?

Back 22

One strand of chromatin

Front 23

What makes up Ribosomes and where is it found?

Back 23

Made up of ribosomal subunits and a strand of ribosomal RNA (rRNA). It is found suspended in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER

Front 24

What is the function of Ribosomes?

Back 24

Protein Synthesis

Front 25

What is the Endomembrane system?

Back 25

A closed membranous sac that begins at the nucleus and curves through the cytoplasm

Front 26

What does the Endomembrane system include?

Back 26

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles

Front 27

What is the Endomembrane system responsible for?

Back 27

Modification, storage and disposal of cellular products

Front 28

What are the two types of Endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 28

Rough ER and Smooth ER

Front 29

Why is Rough ER called like it?

Back 29

Has ribosomes attached to it

Front 30

What does Rough ER produce?

Back 30

Membrane proteins and secretory proteins

Front 31

What happens to the proteins Rough ER produces?

Back 31

Proteins move through the RER and are enclosed in transport vesicles that bud from the RER

Front 32

Where is the Rough ER seen?

Back 32

Seen in cells that produce protein for extra cellular use.

Front 33

Why is Smooth ER considered smooth?

Back 33

It is free of ribosomes

Front 34

What does Smooth ER produce and what do they do?

Back 34

Produces enzymes that are responsible for lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and toxic substances.

Front 35

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

Back 35

A stack of flattened sacs

Front 36

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus?

Back 36

Modifies proteins and lipids produced by the RER and SER

Front 37

What are Lysosomes?

Back 37

A type of vesicle that buds from the Golgi complex

Front 38

What are the functions of Lysosomes?

Back 38

1. Autophagy
2. Kill harmful bacteria
3. Digest food vacuoles
4. Function in embryonic development

Front 39

What is Autophagy?

Back 39

Cell eats itself breaking down aged or damaged cells

Front 40

What kind of macromolecules do the enzymes in Lysosomes break down?

Back 40

Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Fatty Acids

Front 41

Why do storage diseases occur and where do they come from?

Back 41

Caused by the absence of lysosomal enzymes which are hereditary

Front 42

What are Vacuoles?

Back 42

Membrane bound body without any internal structures

Front 43

What are the uses of vacuoles in plants?

Back 43

Stores water, salts, acids, sugars and pigments

Front 44

What are the uses of vacuoles in amoeba?

Back 44

Food vacuoles help hold and digest food

Front 45

What are the uses of vacuoles in paramecium?

Back 45

Contractile vacuoles collect water and remove it from the cell

Front 46

What is the structure of Chloroplasts?

Back 46

Surrounded by a double membrane which have their own DNA and ribosomes. Also have stroma with with stacks of thylakoid sacs called Grana

Front 47

What is Stroma?

Back 47

Clear watery region inside the chloroplast

Front 48

What are Thylakoid sacs

Back 48

Sac like vesicles in the stroma which have pigments and have ATP synthases

Front 49

What is Grana

Back 49

Stacks of thylakoid sace

Front 50

What is the function of Cholorplasts?

Back 50

To synthesize organic compounds from raw materials like Co2, H2o and Sunlight

Front 51

What is the function on Mitochondria?

Back 51

Breakdown of carbon compounds in the presence of oxygen to produce energy (ATP) Energy Powerhouse

Front 52

What is the structure of the Mitochondria?

Back 52

Outer (inter membrane space) and Inner Compartment (matrix)

Front 53

What is a Cristae?

Back 53

Fold on the Inner membrane where ATP synthesis takes place

Front 54

What is the Cytoskeleton?

Back 54

An interconnected system of fibers and threads that extends from the plasma membrane to the nucleus

Front 55

What are the four functions of the Cytoskeleton?

Back 55

1. Gives the cell its shape
2. Supports the plasma and nuclear membranes
3. Provides a supporting framework for the organelles
4. Helps in cell movement

Front 56

2What are the three things the Cytoskeleton is made up of?

Back 56

1. Intermediate filaments (keratin protein)
2. Microfilaments (actin and myosin protein)
3. Microtubules (tubulin protein) which makes centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia and flagella

Front 57

What are Centrioles?

Back 57

Hollow cylindrical structures

Front 58

What are Spindle Fibers?

Back 58

Fibers found in the cell at the time of division

Front 59

What are Cilia?

Back 59

Short hair like structures

Front 60

What are Flagella?

Back 60

Long whip like structures

Front 61

What are the Plant cell's surface made from and what is it's junction?

Back 61

The surface is made of a Cellulose cell wall and has Plasmodesmata for it's junction

Front 62

What is Plasmodesmata?

Back 62

Channels through the plant cell walls of adjacent cells

Front 63

What is the animal cell's surface made up of and what are it's three cell junctions?

Back 63

Animal cells surface is made up of extra cellular matrix.
1. Tight Junctions
2. Anchoring Junctions
3. Gap Junctions

Front 64

What is a Tight Junction?

Back 64

Junction that forms a leak proof seal

Front 65

What is an Anchoring Junction?

Back 65

Junction that holds adjacent cells together but does not have a leak proof seal

Front 66

What is a Gap Junction?

Back 66

Open channels between cells that allow substances to move freely