Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What are the two major categories in chemistry? |
Organic and inorganic. Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic molecules contain do not. Inorganic molecules make up 70 - 90% of a cell. |
|
|
|
Diversity and complexity of carbon atoms: |
Has six electrons. Two in the first shell and four in the outer shell. Almost always share its electrons with hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Can bond with as many as 4 elements. Often shares electrons with other carbon atoms. |
|
|
|
What is hydrocarbons? |
Chains of carbon atoms bonded only to hydrogen atoms, can form a branch chain; or fold back and form a ring compound. |
|
|
|
What is an isomer? |
Has the same number and kinds of atoms in a variety of arrangements. May have different properties because the atoms occur in different arrangements. |
|
|
|
Double and single bonds: |
Double bonds are reactive and single bonds are saturated. When looking at fat it would be a saturated fat. Each line in a double bond has 2 electrons. |
|
|
|
Carbon skeletal is: |
Size and shape of organism molecules depend on the carbon skeleton or backbone. |
|
|
|
What is a functional group? |
Specific combination of bonded atoms that always has the same chemical properties and always reacts the same way. Reactivity of organic molecules depend largely dependent on attached functional groups (many are polar). Hydrocarbons are nonpolar and hydrophobic, glucose with several hydroxyl polar groups is actually hydrophillic and because cells are mainly composed of water, the ability to interact with and be soluble in water affects the activity of organic molecules in cells. --->functional group. |
|
|
|
The biological molecules of cells: |
4 categories: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids |
|
|
|
What happens when we digest foods? |
They are broken down into subunit molecules. Monomers are subnits and polymer are monomers joined together. |
|
|
|
What is dehydration synthesis reaction? |
Joins monomers to form polymers and is the equivalent of removing a water molecule. |
|
|
|
What is hydrolysis? |
The polymers breaks aparts because of water being added. |
|
|
|
Carbohydrates are: |
Universally used as immediate energy in living things. Play structural role in a variety of organisms. |
|
|
|
Monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide: |
Monosaccharide is a single sugar molecule that has 3 to 7 carbons (aka simple sugars). Polysaccharide is many sugar molecules bonded together. Disaccharide is a two sugar molecule. Disaccharide are 2 monosaccharides bonded together. |
|
|
|
What are five carbon sugars? |
Ribose and deoxyribose which are found in DNA and RNA. Pentose is also a five carbon sugar. Remember: glucose is used as a source of energy. |
|
|
|
What is fermentation? |
Yeast breaks down maltose in beer for energy and produces ethyl alcohol. |
|
|
|
Polysaccharides are: |
Used as energy storage molecules. Polymers of monosaccharides. Some function as structural components. |
|
|
|
What is cellulose? |
An organic molecule that is found in plant cell walls. Digested only by some microbes. |
|
|
|
What is chitin (polymer of glucose)? |
The exoskeleton of crab, lobsters and insects. |
Can not be digested by the body; crab shell |
|
|
What are the forms of cellulose? |
Slightly branched and nonbranched. Slightly branched is a loose spiral while nonbranched isn't and seems to have a up down motion. |
|
|
|
Starch and glycogen function: |
The structure of glycogen is highly branched and releases energy when needed. Polymers being held together by hydrogen bonds in this structure. They form fibers. |
|
|
|
What is a lipid? |
Fats and oils used for long-term energy storage. All are insoluble in water because of their long nonpolar hydrocarbon chains (non charge at the end). Relative lack of hydrophillic functional groups. Very diverse structures and functions. Dont have an OH- group. Same amount of fat cells but they only get bigger. |
|
|
|
Fat and oils: |
Triglycerides are composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. 1 glyercol on the side and the chains of fatty acids that it is added to. Water is lost so that it can be combined. Alot of energy but must watch fat intake. Basically dehydration synthesis occurs so that it can be combined. |
|
|
|
Fatty acids are neither: |
Saturated and have no double bonds between carbon atoms or unsaturated and have one or more bonds between carbon atoms. These are hydrogenated oils. |
|
|
|
Butter is a: |
Saturated fat which means it has no double bonds. |
|
|
|
Trans fat: |
Is a unsaturated fat and contains one double bond. |
|
|
|
What is a phosholipid? |
Form the bulk of plasma membrane. One end of the molecule is water-soluble (polar phosphate head). Other end of the molecule is not water-soluble (nonpolar fatty acid tails). |
|
|
|
What are steroids? |
Lipids made of carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings. NO fatty acids but are insoluble in water. Derived from cholestrol. Differ only in functional groups. *estrogen is a steroid. |
|
|
|
Functions of proteins: |
Support - nails and hair Metabolism - enzymes reaction Transport - protein channels Defense - antibodies Regulation - hormones growth Motion - muscle contraction Proteins are compared of amino acid monomers. Amino terminal located on the left of the Hydrogen element. Carboxyl terminal located to its right and the R located at the bottom is the rest of the group. This is an amino acid group. |
|
|
|
What are peptides? |
Two or more amino acids covalently linked. A peptide bond is formed by dehyration reaction between two amino acid monomers. A polypeptide is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Amino acid sequence determines the final three-dimensional shape of protein. |
|
|
|
Shape of a protein is: |
Primary structure is your amino acid sequence. Secondary structure is your portions of chain form helices or pleated sheets. H+ bonds give it a pleated look. Tertiary structure is your overall three-dimensional shape of interacting secondary structures. Has been folded. Quarternary structure - more than one polypeptide chain interacting. Forms when these structures interact. H bonds hold helix together. |
|
|
|
Two types of Nucleic acids: |
Deoxyribnonucleic acid (DNA) - stores genetic information. Ribonulecic acid (RNA) - helps to make proteins. Nucleotide is composed of phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, and nitrogen-containing base. |
|
|
|
Five bases concerning DNA and RNA: |
A - adenine G - guanine T- thymine (only in DNA) C- Cytosine U- Uracil (only in RNA) A-T --->DNA G-C ---> DNA A-U-->RNA G-C-->RNA |
|
|
|
DNA Structure |
Deoxribose as sugar Double helix A with T C with G Genetic information stored in sequence of bases. Takes energy to break a bond; more energy to break 3 than 2. |
|
|
|
RNA structure: |
Helps to make proteins Ribose as a sugar Single-stranded Uses uracil instead of thymine A with U G with C Has a phosphate backbone. |
|
|
|
Relationship between proteins and nucleic acids: |
Sequence of bases in DNA determine sequence of amino acids in protein. Sequence of amino acids determine a proteins structure and function. Small changes in the DNA may cause large changes in a protein. Flow of genetic info: DNA---------->RNA-------------------->Protein How to how its end product Make made End product |
|
|
|
Sickle-cell disease: |
A normal blood cell has a biconcave shape. A concave cell is an abnormal blood cell (the sickled cell). Has an extra Val element. |
|
