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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is biology?
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The study of living things.
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Living things are ______?
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Diverse
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Living things that have enough similarities can be categorized into what?
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Kingdoms
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True or False
Members of different kingdoms are usually very different from each other |
True
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What are the 6 kingdoms?
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Archaea
Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia |
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What are the characteristics of the Archaea kingdom?
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1) Prokaryotes
2) Releases Methane |
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What are the characteristics of the Bacteria kingdom?
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1) Prokaryotes
2) Convert light to chemical energy |
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What are the characteristics of the Protista kingdom?
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1) Eukaryotes
2) Most are unicellular, some multicellular 3) Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food 4) Ex. aquatic plants. |
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What are the characteristics of the Fungi kingdom?
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1) Eukaryotes
2) Most multicellular 3) non- photosynthetic; digest and absorb food externally 4) Ex. mushrooms |
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What are the characteristics of the Plantae kingdom?
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1) Eukaryotes
2) Multicellular 3) Photosynthetic 4) Ex. Fern |
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What are the characteristics of the Animalia kingdom?
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1) Eukaryotes
2) Multicellular 3) non photosynthetic 4) ingest food and digest internally |
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What is a prokaryote?
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Small single-celled organism.
No nucleus or real internal structure. |
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What is a eukaryote?
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Has a cell nucleus.
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What qualifies something as “living” versus “nonliving?”
*3 things |
1. complexity
2. movement 3. response to stimulation * Life defining property must be EXCLUSIVE to living things. (pc, cloud, bubble ex) |
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What are the 5 Basic Properties of Life?
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1. Cellular Organization- have at least 1 cell
2. Metabolism- process energy which is used to power processes 3. Homeostasis- maintain stable internal environments to optimize conditions for metabolism and other processes. 4. Growth and reproduction- capacity for growth and reproduction 5. Heredity- pass genetic information across generations from parents to offspring through DNA |
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What are the 3 levels that the "organization of life" hierarchy is broken into?
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1. Cellular Level
2. Organismal Level 3. Populational Level |
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Name the hierachy increasing in complexity for the Cellular Level. (1-5)
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1. Atoms- (H, C, N)
2. Molecule- (Adenine) 3. Macromolecule- (DNA) 4. Organelle- (Nucleus) *LIFE 5. Cell- (Nerve Cell) |
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Name the hierachy increasing in complexity for the Organismal Level. (6-9)
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6. Tissue- (Nerve Tissue)
7. Organ- (Brain) 8. Organ System (Nervous System) 9. Organism (goose) |
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Name the hierachy increasing in complexity for the Populational Level. (10-13)
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10. Population- group of organisms, same species living in same place (flock of Canada geese living together on a pond)
11. Species- All organisms of a particular organism despite location (All Canada geese in Canada, Minnesota or Missouri) 12. Community- all populations of different species living in 1 place (Geese, ducks, fish, grasses at 1 pond) 13. Ecosystem- highest tier; biological community + soil and water |
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At what stage of the Organization of Life does life actually begin?
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Level 4- Organelle
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Which is the highest tier of Organization of Life?
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13- Ecosystem
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Explain emergent properties.
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At higher levels of the living hierarchy, new (emergent)properties become apparent (the result of interactions of diverse but simpler components)
Ex. of emergent properties from higher order processes 1. metabolism 2. consciousness |
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What are the 5 Biological Themes?
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1. Evolution
2. Flow of Energy 3. Cooperation 4. Structure Determines Function 5. Homeostasis |
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What is Evolution?
(3) |
1. Genetic change in a species over time. Ex. People becoming taller.
2. Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution 3. Diversity of life is explained by evolution |
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What is Flow of Energy? (4)
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1. All living things require energy.
2. Energy from the sun flows through the living world 3. organisms acquire energy differently 4. how much energy is available determines how many and what kinds of organisms can live together in an ecosystem |
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What is Cooperation?
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as energy and other resources are limiting, many organisms have evolved cooperation as a means of survival
symbiosis occurs |
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What is symbiosis?
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relationship that can form when two species live in direct contact
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What is "Structure Determines Function" in Biological Themes?
(2) |
1. structures are specialized for a particular function.
2. structure and function occur at every level of organizational hierarchy (even at cellular level) |
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What is homeostasis?
(2) |
1. "steady state" in body
2. Organisms act to control their internal environments so that metabolism can function efficiently |
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Science is a process of what 4 things?
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1. Investigation
2. Observation 3. Experimentation 4. Reasoning (there are different philosophical approaches to reasoning) |
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What is Deductive Reasoning?
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General Principles to explain specific observations.
-Common to mathematical proofs, politics, computing |
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What is Inductive Reasoning?
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Discovering general principles from examining specific observations.
- Scientists form and test hypotheses for specific observations. |
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What is a hypothesis?
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possible explaination
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What are the 6 Stages of the Scientific Process?
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1. Observation
2. Hypothesis- ed. guess 3. Predictions 4. Testing 5. Controls- placebo 6. Conclusion |
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What does theory mean to scientists?
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represents certainty and is a unifying explaination for a broad range of observations
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What does theory mean to the general public?
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a lack of knowledge or a guess
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Why is scientists' acceptance of a theory provisional?
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future evidence can cause the theory to be revised.
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The process of science is not just trial and error but involves what 2 things?
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Judgement and Intuition
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What are some limitations to science?
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Supernatural and religious phenomena.
Science is limited to observation and measurement of organisms and processes. |
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What are the 4 Theories that unify Biology as a Science?
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1. The Cell Theory
2. The Gene Theory 3. The Theory of Heredity 4. The Theory of Evolution |
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Who discovered cells (looked at a cork) and when?
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Robert Hooke 1665
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Who discovered single-celled life (pond water) and when?
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1670
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Who were the German biologists that summarized all living organisms are composed of cell and cells are the basic units of life? When?
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Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann, 1839
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Later biologists added: All ______ come from other ______.
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Cells, cells
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What is the Cell Theory?
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a scientific theory that describes the properties of cells, the basic unit of structure in every living thing
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What is the Gene Theory?
(3) |
1. Genetic info is encoded in molecules of DNA.
2. Genes can encode specific protein or RNA, or they can regulate other genes. 3. Encoded proteins and RNA determine form and function. |
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What does DNA stand for?
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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What is the Theory of Heredity?
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Genes are passed down in generations as discrete units.
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Who and when was the Theory of Heredity advanced?
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Gregor Mendell 1865
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What is the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance?
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Genes are located on chromosomes
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What is the Theory of Evolution?
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Diversity (and unity) in the living world is attributed to natural selection.
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The 6 kingdoms are assigned under one of three groups based on cell structure called what?
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Domains
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What are the 3 Domains?
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1. Bacteria
2. Archaea 3. Eukaryotes |
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When was the Theory of Evolution advanced and by who?
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Charles Darwin 1859
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