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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Confirmation bias
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tendency for people to prefer information that confirms their preconceptions or hypotheses, independently of whether they are true
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Selective attention bias
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inability to perceive features when an observer is not attending to them
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Proximate
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(Dictionary type) - acceptance by the mind that something is true or real
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Ultimate
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(Evolutionary type) - ability to attach permanence to sensory information to increase the possibility of survival
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Deduction
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- (big to small) start with “truths” –
…deduce the consequence |
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Induction (inference)
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- (small to big) - start with data -
…induce our “truths” |
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NATURAL CAUSALITY
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NO INTERVENTION OF SUPERNATURAL FORCES
EVIDENCE WE COLLECT HAS NOT BEEN MANIPULATED |
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UNIVERSALITY
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NATURAL LAWS ARE UNIFORM IN TIME AND SPACE
GRAVITY HAVE NOT CHANGED OVER BILLIONS OF YEARS WE HAVE A COMMON PERCEPTION OF NATURAL EVENTS |
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Observational unit
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objects, individuals being studied
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Variable
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characteristic that varies or differs between individuals being studied
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Treatment
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dose or change in variable that is hypothesized to have an effect
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Measurement - blind
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(w/o participant, researcher knowledge of control/treatment)
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Negative Control
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set of observations in the absence of the treatment (placebo)
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Randomized study
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designation of treatment or control is done randomly
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Repeatability
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can be repeated independently
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homeostasis
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stable and moderate internal environment
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Self-Assembly
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when a disordered system of components forms an organized structure as a consequence of specific, local interactions among the components themselves, without external direction
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Mechanistic
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living things are composed of parts lacking any intrinsic relationship to each other, and with their order imposed from within
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Vitalistic
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living things are composed of parts influenced by a vital principle that imposes an intrinsic relationship between the parts
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Modular
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the complexity of living systems using separately designed sub-components (modules)
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emergence
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complex system and/or patterns arising out of many
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Biosphere
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the collective ecosystems making up life on earth
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Ecosystem
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a biological community and the non-living matter in one area
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Community
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all populations of different species living in one area
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Population
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group of organisms of the same species living in one area
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Organisms
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individual living creature, single or multicelled
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Organ Systems/Organs/Tissues
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Groups of cells working as a functional unit
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Organelles
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groups of macromolecules in compartments
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Cells
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fundamental unit of life
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Molecules
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Bonded atoms
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Autopoiesis
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processes of production of components which: through their interactions and transformations continuously regenerate processes that produced them
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Mutualism
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species can live apart
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Symbiosis
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species cannot live apart
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Gaia hypothesis
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earth functions as one organism that maintains conditions necessary for its survival.
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Parasitism
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symbiosis where parasite benefits, hosts does not
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Atomic number
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number
of protons within the nucleus of an atom |
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Electron Shells
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represent
energy levels of electrons that surround the nucleus (lower shells filled first) |
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Octet Rule
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all elements gain or lose electrons to fill the outermost shell
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Electronegativity
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measure of how much an atom will tend to pull electrons from other elements in order to fill the outermost shell
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Structural proteins
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proteins that make up the structure of cells, tissues and organs (Examples: collagen, keratin, silk)
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Enzymes
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biological catalysts that control the rate of cellular reactions
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Hemoglobin
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is an oxygen binding protein
found in vertebrates, some invertebrates |
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Abiogenesis
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life from non-life
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Membrane
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a fluid, mosaic, selectively permeable barrier allowing flow inside and outside of the cell
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Diffusion
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random motion of particles that causes them to spread in a time-dependent manner
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Gradient
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spatial variation in concentration of a chemical or charge that leads to a net flow
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Passive transport
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flow down a gradient through for impermeable molecules thru Channels and Carriers
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Channels (pores)
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proteins that allow big, polar or charged substances across membrane through an open passage through the membrane
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Carriers
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proteins that change shape to pass big polar or charged substance across the membrane
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Primary active transport
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How molecules go against a gradient
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Primary Active Transport uses a pump
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(carrier) that uses ATP as a direct energy
source to cycle molecules against a gradient |
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electrochemical gradient
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difference in chemical concentration and electrical potential across a gradient
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Secondary active transport
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uses an existing electrochemical gradient to push a molecule against another gradient
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Ribosomes
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site of protein synthesis
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Endomembrane System
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pipeline of interconnected membranes suspended in the eukaryotic cell
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Golgi apparatus
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series of flattened membrane sacks used in transport of cellular materials
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Enzymes
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protein catalysts that control metabolic activity
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Feed-forward activation
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early substrate activates late enzyme
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Feedback inhibition
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late product inhibits early enzyme
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Signal transduction
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cell signals act as switch to turn on/off enzymes
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energy
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the ability to do work
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Kinetic Energy
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energy of movement
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Potential Energy
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energy that is stored
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Chemical Energy
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energy stored in molecules
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Chlorophyll
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main light capturing pigment of
photosynthesis |
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Antioxidants
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molecules which interact with free radicals (electrons)
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mitochondria
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energy station in eukaryotic cell
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kinases
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proteins that serves as switches to activate or deactivate
production of proteins |
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Mitosis
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process by which a eukaryotic cell separates its DNA into two identical sets and then divides
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Meiosis
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a process of eukaryotic cell division in which chromosome content is cut in half (part of Sexual Reproduction)
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Chromosome
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ordered and organized set of genes on DNA
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Nucleosomes
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fundamental repeating unit of packed chromosomes
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Haploid set
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a single version of each chromosome
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Diploid set
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A double version of each
chromosome |
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Homologous pair
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two versions of a chromosome
representinng the same linear order of genes |
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centromere
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connection remains at key points along chromosome
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Cytokinesis
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cytoplasmic division from one cell to two cells (follows mitosis)
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The Cell Cycle
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repeated process of copying and dividing a cells DNA and then the cell
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Mitosis promoting factor (MPF)
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an internal factor capable of causing a cell to divide
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Disease
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malfunction of a system (cell, tissue, organism) associated with particular symptoms
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Aging
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normal developmental and chronological process associated with getting older
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Senescence
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gradual decline in physiological function at every level
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Disposable soma theory
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organisms invest energy in reproductive mechanisms over an infinite soma
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Telomere
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ends of DNA which require special enzymes for completing during DNA replication
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Telomerase
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enzyme which fills gap left incompleted after DNA replication
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Reduced extrinsic mortality
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decreased threat of
loss of life imposed from external environment |
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r selection
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organisms living in hazardous
conditions will maximize investment in reproductive rate (density independent) |
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K selection
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organisms living in non-hazardous
environments will maximize performance in crowded conditions (density-dependent) |
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Antagonistic Pleiotropy
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(Many and various) opposite acting effects lead to early benefit, later cost
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Evolution
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change in heritable traits of a population(s) of organisms through successive generations
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Macroevolution
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differences that come about that distinguish one type (species) from another
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Microevolution
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differences that come about that distinguish one individual of the same type from another
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Heritable traits
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traits that are passed on from parent and/or to offspring during reproduction (DNA)
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Essentialism
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living things have an underlying and unchanging essence (type)
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Finalism
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change advances toward a final outcome (primitive to advanced,
striving towards perfection) |
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Population thinking
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emphasizes variation within populations of like organisms
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Gradualism
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changes occur and accumulate over long periods of time
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Homologous structures
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similarity reflects common ancestry (show divergence of form)
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Analogous structures
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similarity reflects separate ancestry (show convergence of form)
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Vestigial structures
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similarity reflects separate
ancestry (show convergence of form) |
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Mutations
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changes in the base pair sequence
of an individual’s DNA (gene point mutations, rearrangements, loss, or duplication) |
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Genetic Drift
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loss of alleles in a gene pool due to certain types of chance events
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Gene flow
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movement of alleles between populations
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Natural Selection
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unequal survival/ reproduction of individuals in a population due to selection pressures
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Bottleneck effect
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loss of alleles from declining population numbers- causes “inbred” populations
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Founder effect
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loss of genetic diversity due to
individuals founding new, separate colonies |
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Artificial selection
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evolution from selection pressures imposed by humans
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Character
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measurable attribute of form / function
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Trait
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variation of a character
How are traits passed |
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Blending inheritance
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heritable factors are soft and can mix
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Particulate inheritance
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heritable factors are hard and cannot mix
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Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
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traits are changed by the environment before being passed on
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Hybrid Cross
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cross between two dissimilar types
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Self-fertilization
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cross in plants in which the male
and female contribution come from the same plant |
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Allele
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a gene variant that codes for a trait
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Homozygous
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organism having a pair of identical alleles for a character
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Heterozygous
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organism having two different alleles for a character
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Phenotype
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physical expression, outcome or description of traits (ie what is seen)
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Genotype
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genetic makeup (in pairs)
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Dominant allele
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fully expressed in appearance when in combination with recessive allele
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Recessive
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not noticeable (masked) when in combination with dominant allele
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Mendel’s law of segregation
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two alleles segregate randomly during gamete formation
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Dependent:
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Alleles of two traits assort depending on the parent they came from (dependent assortment suggests linkage)
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Independent
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Alleles of two traits assort independently from one another (regardless of the parent they came from)
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Epistasis
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expression of one gene depends upon or is affected by the expression of another
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Linked traits
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traits that show a pattern of
dependent assortment |
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Sex-linked traits
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traits that show a
different inheritance pattern depending on the sex of the individual |
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imprinting
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the unequal expression of genes depending on their parental origin
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Sex
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exchange of genetic material
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Reproduction
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passing of genetic information in the form of offspring
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Sexual Reproduction
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passing of genetic information in the form of offspring through exchange of genetic material
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Red Queen Hypothesis
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evolutionary arms race that requires constant innovation to “stay in one place”
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Healthy mate theory
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females prefer traits that indicates male health
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Good genes theory
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females prefer traits that indicate survivability of offspring
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Runaway (sexy son) theory
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females prefer trait that is sexually attractive
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Polygeny
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males have multiple mating partners while females have only one mating partner
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Monogamy
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males and females each have one mating partner
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Polyandry
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female have more than one mating partner while males have only one mating partner
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fertility insurance hypothesis
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females seek extra mating opportunities to ensure the survival of offspring from at least one male
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good genes hypothesis
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females seek extra mating opportunities to maximize seek the fittest male’s contribution to her offspring
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Competition (interspecific)
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two species each require same resource that is limiting. Both species negatively affect each other (-/-)
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Competition (intraspecific)
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individuals of the same species require a resource (s) that is limiting
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Mutualism
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species can live apart
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Symbiosis
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species cannot live apart
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commensalism
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one species benefits and the other is unaffected
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amensalism
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one species is harmed without benefit to the other
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