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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The number of species on an island usually depends on the size of the island and its distance from a mainland. This statement would most likely be made by _______. a. An explorer b. A biogeographer c. A geologist d. A philosopher |
b. A biogeographer |
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The bones of a bird's wing are similar to the bones in a bat's wing. This observation is an example of _______. a. Uniformity b. Evolution c. Comparative morphology d. A lineage |
c. Comparative morphology |
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Evolution _______. a. Is natural selection b. Is change in a line of descent c. Can occur by natural selection d. b and c are correct |
d. b and c are correct (evolution is change in a line of descent AND can occur by natural selection) |
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A trait is adaptive if it _______. a. Arises by mutation b. increases fitness c. Is passed to offspring d. Occurs in fossils |
b. increases fitness |
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In which type of rock are you more likely to find a fossil? a. Basalt, a dark, fine-grained volcanic rock b. Limestone, composed of sedimented calcium carbonate c. Slate, a volcanically melted and cooled shale d. Granit, which forms by crystallization of molten rock below Earth's Surface |
b. Limestone
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True or False? Wrinkly textures in rock that formed from ancient biofilms living in marine sediments are considered trace fossils. |
True
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If the half-life of a radioisotope is 20,000 years, then a sample in which three-quarters of that radioisotope has decayed is _______ years old. a. 15,000 b. 26,667 c. 30,000 d. 40,000 |
c. 30,000
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Forces that cause geologic change include _______ (select all that are correct). a. Water movement b. Natural selection c. Volcanic activity d. tectonic plate movement e. Wind f. Asteroid impacts |
ALL except b (natural selection)
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Did Pangea or Godwana form first? |
Gondwana
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The dinosaurs disappeared about _______ million years ago. a. 10 b. 16.5 c. 66 d. 200 |
c. 66
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Through _______, a body part of an ancestor is modified differently in different lines of descent. a. Homologous evolution b. Morphological convergence c. Adaptive divergence d. Morphological divergence |
d. Morphological divergence
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Homologous structures among major groups of organisms may differ in _______. a. Size b. Shape c. Function d. All of the above |
d. All of the above
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A mutation that alters the embryonic expression patter of a _______ may lead to major differences in the adult form. a. Derived trait b. Master gene c. Homologous structure d. All of the above |
b. Master gene
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Match: FITNESS, FOSSILS, NATURAL SELECTION, HOMEOTIC GENES, HALF-LIFE, CATASTROPHISM, UNIFORMITY, ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES, HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES, SEDIMENTARY ROCK, NEUTRAL MUTATION a. Does not affect fitness b. Geological change occurs continuously c. Geological change occurs in unusual major events d. Good for finding fossils e. Survival of the fittest f. Characteristic of a radioisotope g. Insect wing and bird wing h. Human arm and bird wing i. Evidence of life in distant past j. Measured by reproductive success k. Similar across diverse taxa |
FITNESS - (j) measured by reproductive success FOSSILS - (i) evidence of life in distant past NATURAL SELECTION - (e) survival of the fittest HOMEOTIC GENES - (k) similar across diverse taxa HALF-LIFE - (f) characteristic of a radioisotope CATASTROPHISM - (c) geological change occurs in unusual major events UNIFORMITY - (b) geological change occurs continuously ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES - (g) insect wing and bird wing HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES - (h) human arm and bird wing SEDIMENTARY ROCK - (d) good for finding fossils NEUTRAL MUTATION - (a) does not affect fitness |
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All of the following data types can be used as evidence of shared ancestry except similarities in _______. a. Amino acid sequences b. DNA sequences c. Fossil morphologies d. Embryonic development e. Form due to convergence f. All are appropriate |
e. Form due to convergence
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Explain the development of evolutionary theory and the struggle to overcome ancient beliefs. |
INCOMPLETE In the 19th century, attempts to reconcile traditional beliefs with physical evidence of evolution, which is change in a lineage over time, led to new ways of thinking about the natural world. Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace came up with a theory of how environments select traits. |
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What are the ideas and evidence that biologists use to explain how life might have changed through time? |
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Compare and contrast the earlier views on how species might have changed and emerged. |
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What is the origin and eventual articulation of the views Charles Darwin had on evolution? |
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How does variation occur in populations? |
Balanced polymorphism - Nonidentical alleles for a trait are maintained in a population; occurs when environmental conditions favor heterozygotes over homozygotes (HbS mutation of the beta globin chain of hemoglobin causes sickle-cell anemia in homozygotes – heterozygotes are more likely to survive malaria) |
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How can changes in allele frequencies be measured? |
INCOMPLETE Evolution: a change in the allele frequencies n populations over time may give rise to new speciesFossil Record Radiometric Dating |
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How can mutations, gene flow, genetic drift and population size influence the rate and direction of changes in the gene pool of a population? |
Mutations - Most are neutral; other mutations give rise to structural/functional/behavioral alterations that reduce individual’s chances of surviving and reproducing (but sometimes environment LIKES the mutation)
Gene flow - the movement of alleles between populations; it can change or stabilize allele frequencies Genetic drift - Change in allele frequency due to chance alone; pronounced effects in SMALL populations resulting in fixed alleles. Population reduction due to bottlenecking (overhunting of seals) and small population founder effect through inbreeding (Native Americans being homozygous type O) Population size |
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What is the central role natural selection plays in evolutionary science? |
Natural selection operates on traits with a genetic basis: environmental pressures result in an increase in the frequency of an adaptive form of a trait in a population over generations
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Describe the kinds of selection mechanisms that help shape populations and maintain species separateness. |
Directional selection - forms of a trait at one end of a range of variation is adaptive: BELL CURVE SHIFTS TO ONE SIDE Stabilizing selection - an intermediate form of a trait is favored, and extreme forms are selected against: EXTREME BELL CURVE Disruptive selection - midrange form of a trait is eliminated, and extreme forms are maintained: UPSIDE-DOWN BELL CURVE Sexual selection - evolutionary winners out-reproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates (a flashy male’s survival despite his obvious handicap may imply health and vigor) |
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How does new evolutionary evidence helps to classify and establish relationships between species? |
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What are cladograms, and how can phylogenetic trees be constructed? |
The study of phylogeny - evolutionary history of a species or group of species (ranking by common ancestor)
A group whose members share one or more defining derived traits is called a clade (hypotheses about clade relationships are cladistics; a cladogram is an evolutionary tree diagram that visually summarizes cladistics). A cladogram line (lineage) can branch into two sistergroups at a node, which represents a shared ancestor. |
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_______ is the original source of new alleles. a. Mutation b. Natural selection c. Genetic drift d. Gene flow e. All are original sources of new alleles |
a. Mutation |
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Which is required for evolution to occur in a population? a. genetic diversity b. selection pressure c. gene flow d. none of the above |
d. none of the above |
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Match the modes of natural selection with their best descriptions: STABILIZING, DISRUPTIVE a. eliminates extreme forms of a trait b. eliminates midrange forms of a trait |
STABILIZING - (a) eliminates extreme forms of a trait DISRUPTIVE - (b) eliminates midrange forms of a trait |
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Sexual selection frequently influences aspects of body form and can lead to _______. a. a sexual dismorphism b. male aggression c. exaggerated traits d. all of the above |
d. all of the above |
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The persistence of the sickle allele at high frequency in a population is a case of _______. a. bottlenecking b. balanced polymorphism c. the founder effect d. inbreeding |
b. balanced polymorphism |
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_______ among populations can keep them similar to one another. a. Genetic drift b. Gene flow c. Mutation d. Natural selection |
b. Gene flow |
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The theory of natural selection does not explain _______. a. genetic drift b. the founder effect c. gene flow d. how mutations arise e. inheritance f. any of the above |
f. any of the above |
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Which of the following is not part of how we define a species? a. Its individuals appear different from other species. b. It is reproductively isolated from other species. c. Its populations can interbreed. d. Fertile offspring are produced. |
a. Its individuals appear different from other species. |
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Which of the following statements is correct? a. Genetic drift occurs only in small populations b. Inbreeding increases genetic diversity. c. Gene flow can introduce new alleles into a population. |
c. Gene flow can introduce new alleles into a population. |
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After fire devastates all of the trees in a wide swath of forest, populations of a species of tree-dwelling fro on either side of the burned area diverge to become separate species. This is an example of: a. allopatric speciation b. adaptive radiation c. sympatric speciation d. an evolutionary bottleneck |
a. allopatric speciation |
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Sex in many birds is typically preceded by an elaborate courtship dance. if a male’s movements are unrecognized by the female, she will not mate with him. this is an example of: a. reproductive isolation b. natural selection c. sexual selection d. all of the above |
d. all of the above |
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_______ is a way of reconstructing evolutionary history based on derived traits. a. natural selection b. Phylogeny c. Gene flow d. cladistics |
d. cladistics |
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The evolution of wings helped the insect clade to be very successful. In this example, wings are a(n) _______. a. derived trait b. adaptive trait c. key innovation d. all of the above |
d. all of the above |
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In evolutionary trees, each line represents a(n) _______. a. lineage b. extinction c. point of divergence d. adaptive radiation |
a. lineage |
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Match: GENE FLOW, SEXUAL SELECTION, DERIVED TRAIT, EXTINCT, GENETIC DRIFT, NATURAL SELECTION, CLADOGRAM, ADAPTIVE RADIATION, PHYLOGENY, COEVOLUTION a. can lead to interdependent species b. changes in a population's allele frequencies due to chance alone c. alleles enter or leave a population d. evolutionary history e. adaptive traits make their bearers better at securing mates f. burst of divergences from one lineage into many g. no more living members h. diagram of sets within sets i. present in a group, but not in any of the group's ancestors j. operates on variations in shared traits |
GENE FLOW - (c) alleles enter or leave a population SEXUAL SELECTION - (e) adaptive traits make their bearers better at securing mates DERIVED TRAIT - (i) present in a group, but not in any of the group's ancestors EXTINCT - (g) no more living members GENETIC DRIFT - (b)changes in a population's allele frequencies due to chance alone NATURAL SELECTION - (j)operates on variations in shared traits CLADOGRAM - (h)diagram of sets within sets ADAPTIVE RADIATION - (f)burst of divergences from one lineage into many PHYLOGENY - (d)evolutionary history COEVOLUTION - (a) can lead to interdependent species |
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What is the role of genetic variation in populations? How did sexual reproduction evolve? |
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List ten key pieces of evidence in support of the theory of evolution. |
Fossils INCOMPLETE - Biogeography Anatomy Biochemistry Evolutionary Psychology Sociobiology Evo-Devo Antibiotic resistance Ethology Population genetics |
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How can changes in allele frequencies be measured? |
Microevolution
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How can population geneticists contributed to the modern theory of evolution? |
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What assumptions must be in order for a population to remain in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and not evolve? |
Mutations never occur Population is infinitely large Population does not have gene flow or genetic drift Mating is random (i.e., no sexual selection) All individuals survive and reproduce equally(i.e., no natural selection). |
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What are the differences between directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selection? |
Directional - phenotypes at one end of a range of variation are favored (peppered moths, rock pocket mice, “superbugs”) Disruptive - favors extreme phenotypes in a range of variation (dimorphismin seedcracker bill size is maintained by environmental factors) Stabilizing - intermediate phenotypes are favored and extreme forms are eliminated (Stabilizing selection maintains an intermediate body mass in populations of sociable weaverbird) |
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What is the role of ecological isolating mechanisms on populations and evolution? |
Absence of gene flow between populations can send them down different evolutionary pathways, leading to allopatric and sympatric speciation: Temporal (Snakes emerge from their hibernacula at different times. Frogs may breed as early as February and as late as May) Ecological (Barnacles in tide pools are exposed to differing temperatures, salinities and humidities) Behavioral (Male jumping spider must get the dance just right if he hopes to breed with this attentive female) Mechanical (Relationship between strong/delicate plants and small/large insects) |
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What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation? |
Allopatric speciation - Speciation pattern in which a physical barrier arises and ends gene flow between populations (Great Wall of China separating species; snapping shrimp separated by Isthmus of Panama) Sympatric speciation - Divergence within a population leads to speciation; occurs in the absence of physical barrier to gene flow (change in chromosome number in wheat; African cichlid fish mating based on color) |
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What are examples of species that have co-evolved? |
The joint evolution of two closely interacting species; each species is a selective agent for traits of the other
Maculinea arion (large blue butterfly) and Myrmica sabuleti ants |
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What is the importance of sexual selection on maintaining species diversity? |
Sexual selection - evolutionary winners out-reproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates (a flashy male’s survival despite his obvious handicap may imply health and vigor)
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What is the definition of evolution? |
Change in a line of descent; change in alleles |
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Who first proposed the theory of evolution? What is his book? |
Charles Darwin
"On the Origin of Species" |
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Who were the contributors who inspired Darwin's theory? |
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Georges Cuvier Charles Lyell Thomas Malthus Alfred Wallace |
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What is natural selection? |
Differential survival and reproduction of individuals of a population based on differences in shared, heritable traits |
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What does "fittest/fitness" mean? |
Degree of adaptation to an environment, as measured by an individual’s relative genetic contribution to future generations |
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What is "biogeography"? |
Study of patterns in the geographic distribution of species and communities |
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What is comparative morphology? |
Scientific study of anatomical patterns in body plans; considering the whole population, which organisms can breed and produce fertile offspring |
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What does the fossil evidence reveal about planet Earth? |
The planet is roughly 4.6 billion years old |
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What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation? |
Allopatric - A physical barrier arises and separates members of a population, ending gene flow between them (Salamanders in Pacific Northwest before/after rise of Cascade Mountain Range; snapping shrimp separated by Panama land bridge) Sympatric - Populations in the same geographic region speciate in the absence of a physical barrier between them (Polyploidy in wheat; mutations in genes that affect color perception affect a female’s cichlid fish choice of mates) |
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What is adaptive radiation? What's an example? |
Aburst of genetic divergences from a lineage gives rise to many new species that occupy novel niches Example: Adaptation of populations of Hawaiian honey creepers to different regions of a new environment |
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What is coevolution? |
Joint evolution of two closely interacting species (predator/prey; host/parasite) |
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What are the two domains of prokaryote cells on Earth? |
Bacteria and Archaea |
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A rise in atmospheric _______ allowed the formation of the ozone layer that screens out UV radiation from the sun. a. hydrogen b. water c. oxygen d. ammonia |
c. oxygen |
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Stanley Miller’s experiment demonstrated _______. a. the great age of Earth b. that amino acids can assemble under some conditions c. that oxygen is necessary for life d. all of the above |
b. that amino acids can assemble under some conditions |
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The universal need for iron–sulfur cofactors is taken as evidence that metabolism may have begun _______. a. on a meteorite b. on a mudflat c. on a rock near a hydrothermal vent |
c. on a rock near a hydrothermal vent |
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Mitochondria are most likely descendants of _______. a. methanogenic archaea b. aerobic bacteria c. cyanobacteria d. green algae |
b. aerobic bacteria |
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The genetic material of HIV is _______. a. protein b. DNA c. RNA d.ATP |
c. RNA |
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Viral transfer of genes between bacteria is called _______. a. conjugation b. viral reassortment c. transduction d. transformation |
c. transduction |
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All viruses have _______. a. an envelope b. ribosomes c. DNA d. a protein coat |
d. a protein coat |
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Choanoflagellates are most closely related to _______. a. bacteria b. land plants c. ciliates d. animals |
d. animals |
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_______ take up carbon dioxide from seawater and use it to make a chalky shell. a. Ciliates b. Diatoms c. Foraminifera d.Euglenoids |
c. Foraminifera |
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All _______ are parasitic eukaryotes that live in other cells. a. viruses b. apicomplexans c. euglenoids d. slime molds e. both a and b f. all are correct |
b. apicomplexans |
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Oil-rich remains of ancient _______ are the main source of the petroleum that we use to make gasoline. a. diatoms b. ciliates c. foraminifera d. red algae |
a. diatoms |
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Some _______ live in corals and supply them with sugars. a. ciliates b. viruses c. kelps d. dinoflagellates |
d. dinoflagellates |
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Only certain _______ can carry out nitrogen fixation. a. green algae and land plants b. diatoms c. bacteria d. archaea |
c. bacteria |
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Genetic material of a _______ can be either DNA or RNA. a. bacteria b. dinoflagellate c. ciliate d. virus |
d. virus |
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Match: GREEN ALGAE, VIRUS, BACTERIA, BROWN ALGAE, BIOLUMINESCENCE, EUGLENOID, ALGAL BLOOM, DINOFLAGELLATE, SLIME MOLD, STROMATOLITE a. protist population explosion b. social amoeba c. most diverse prokaryotes d. noncellular infectious agent e. include the largest protists f. flagellate with chloroplasts g. closest relative of plants h. layered prokaryotes and sediment i. biologically produced light j. whirling cell |
GREEN ALGAE - (g) closest relative of plants VIRUS - (d) noncellular infectious agent BACTERIA - (c) most diverse prokaryotes BROWN ALGAE - (e) include the largest protists BIOLUMINESCENCE - (i) biologically produced light EUGLENOID - (f) flagellate with chloroplasts ALGAL BLOOM - (a) protist population explosion DINOFLAGELLATE - (j) whirling cell SLIME MOLD - (b) social amoeba STROMATOLITE - (h) layered prokaryotes and sediment |
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Describe how life might have arisen on Earth approximately 3.8 billion years ago. |
1. Delivery from space via meteorites. Hoyle's Panspermia hypothesis: Amino and nucleic acids and sugars have been found in meteorites that fell to Earth (comets contain H2O) 2. Reactions at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Wächtershäuser's Iron-sulfur world hypothesis: Hypothesis that life began in rocks rich in iron sulfide near deep-sea hydrothermal vents (amino acids form) 3. Lightning fueled atmospheric reactions. Miller and Urey produced organic compounds from a mixture of gases in a spark chamber (amino acids derived from sparked gases) Crick and Orgel's RNA wold hypothesis: suggested that RNA came before DNA in the origin of life (Evidence that RNA can both store genetic information and function like an enzyme in protein synthesis supports this hypothesis) |
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Describe the factors that led to the divergence of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages |
Anaerobic Prokaryotic cells (no nucleus) 4 bil. years ago; bacteria and archaea emerge. Some bacteria (cyanobacteria) became photosynthetic with no Oxygen production and formed sea stromatolites; some with Oxygen production 2.7 bil. years ago (aerobic respiration evolved; ozone layer formed).
First aquatic Eukaryotes (have nucleus) developed 1.8 bil. years ago (endosymbiont hypothesis proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descended from bacteria that entered and lived inside a host cell); basic genetic apparatus is derived from archaea, but mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of bacteria |
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Describe the origins of cells and organelles |
Cells: Inorganic molecules self-assemble on earth/space; organic monomers self-assemble in earth water; organic polymers self assemble as vesicles (become first genome); protocells in an early RNA world subject to selection that favors DNA genome = DNA-based cells
Organelles: Plasma membrane on early archaeal cell fold inward/let in aerobic bacteria; foldings evolve into nuclear envelope/endomembranes; aerobic bacteria evolve into mitochondria & chloroplasts |
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Identify the key developments in the origin of metabolism leading to self-replicating systems |
Iron–sulfur world hypothesis - early metabolic reactions took place in porous rocks around hydrothermal vents. Metabolism may have begun when iron sulfide in the rocks donated electrons to dissolved carbon monoxide (CO), setting in motion reactions that led to formation of larger organic compounds Genes governing some metabolic processes came from the bacterial ancestors of mitochondria (endosymbiont hypothesis) |
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Discuss the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotes |
Margulis' Endosymbiont hypothesis - mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from freeliving bacteria that entered and lived inside another cell
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Which came first - photoautotrophs or heterotrophs? Give evidence to support your conjecture |
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Describe the biochemical differences between viruses, viroids and prions |
Prions - misshapen, infectious particles of protein (Mad Cow) Viroids - infectious RNA particle (Avocadosun blotch, chrysanthemum stunt, cadang-cadang, and potato spindle) Viruses - viral genome (RNA or DNA) enclosed within a protein coat (protein subunits that bond together in a repeating pattern, producing a helical rod or many-sided structure); may be single-stranded or double-stranded |
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Know the names of the major DNA viruses and the diseases they cause |
Human papillomavirus (HPV) - cancers of the cervix, penis, anus, or mouth Herpesviruses - cold sores, genital herpes, mononucleosis, or chicken pox Orthopoxvirus - Smallpox Adenovirus |
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Know the names of the major RNA viruses and the diseases they cause |
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) Orthomyxovirus - Influenza (the flu) Rhinoviruses (infect membranes of upper respiratory system) - common cold Ebola virus SARS West Nile Polio Measles |
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Be able to give an example of a disease caused by a viroid and a prion |
Viroid diseases:
Avocadosun blotch, chrysanthemum stunt, cadang-cadang, and potato spindle Prion diseases: Madcow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease andkuru |
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Explain why antibiotics such as Penicillin do not kill viruses |
Antibiotics are medicines used to treat infections caused by bacteria cells; they don't work against infections caused by viruses (non-cellular)
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Know the life cycles of a typical bacteriophage |
Nonenveloped viruses that infect bacteria: Attaches to a bacterial cell and injects its DNA; replicates either lytic or lysogenic pathway.
In lytic pathway, viral genes expressed immediately (host produces viral components that self-assemble; viral encoded enzyme breaks down host’s cell wall; kills the cell) In lysogenic pathway, viral DNA integrated into host cell’s genome (genes not immediately expressed; cell remains healthy). Cell reproduces/passes on virus. MAY TURN LYTIC. |
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Know which viral pathogens are included in a typical vaccine schedule for babies and pre-school kids |
Measles, mumps, rubella, polio
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Describe the principal types of bacteria and know what a bacterial spore is |
Somebacteria form resting structures called endosporesthat can survive boiling, irradiation, and drying out
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Describe the unique features of bacterial life processes, including how they reproduce |
Division most commonly occurs by binary fission - mechanism of asexual reproduction that yields two equal-sized, genetically identical descendant cells. Can transfer genetic material among existing individuals through: transformation (taking up DNA from the environment) transduction (transfer of DnA by means of a virus), and conjugation (direct transfer of a plasmid between cells) |
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Give examples of the beneficial impacts of bacteria on humans |
Photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) - fix carbon and put oxygen into the atmosphere
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria make nitrogen available to photosynthesizers by nitrogen fixation (combining nitrogen gas with hydrogen to form ammonia) Decomposers break organic material into inorganic subunits (includes lactate fermenters) Normal flora - microorganisms that normally live in/on a healthy animal/person, protect the gut, produce vitamins, break down indigestible materials |
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Give specific examples of bacterial pathogens that cause human illness and describe how they do so. |
Some diets promote the growth of pathogenic bacteria (agents of disease). Can enter the body through food, water, air, sexual activity, or carried by disease vectors such as insects (all pathogenic bacteria are chemoheterotrophs that extract organic compounds from their host)
Prevotella copri in wheat is associated with an increased risk for rheumatoid arthritis Bilophila wadsworthia increases the risk of irritable bowel disease |
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Know how bacteria can be identified by their cell shape and whether they stain "gram positive" or "gram negative." |
Bacterial cells are classified based on their shape and cell wall chemistry (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus) "Gram-negative" bacteria - thinner layer (10% of cell envelope), so are stained red (e.g. E. coli) |
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Know the causative agent of bubonic plague, cholera and Hemolytic Uremia Syndrome. |
Bubonic plague - bacterium Yersinia pestis (animals to humans via fleas)
Cholera - bacterium Vibrio cholerae (contaminated water) Hemolytic Uremia Syndrome - bacterium E. coli (contaminated water) |
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Understand antibiotic resistance. |
Ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication previously used to treat them.
Arises during: Natural resistance in certain types of bacteria Genetic mutation One species acquiring resistance from another |
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Know which bacterial pathogens are included in a typical vaccine schedule for babies and pre-school kids. |
Whooping cough, tuberculosis, cholera, lyme disease, botulism (tetanus)
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Name four extreme environments in which archaea are found. |
Domain Archaea:
Extreme acidophiles (acidic environments), extremethermophiles - (temperature is very high, like hydrothermal vents), extremehalophiles - (high salt concentration, like Utah’s Great Salt Lake), methanogens- (methane as metabolic by-product, found in swamps, sediments, animal guts), and sulfur “loving” (volcanic springs; both acidophiles and thermophiles). |
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Describe the major categories of Algae. |
Chlorophyta (green algae) - single-celled, colonial, OR multicelledphotosynthetic protist belonging to the group most closely related to landplants; include fresh water and marine species; grow on soil, trees, or other dampsurfaces; some partner with fungi to form lichens; some harvested or growncommercially as food Phaeophyta (brown algae) - multicelled, photosynthetic protist with brownaccessory pigments; ranging in size from microscopic filaments togiant kelps; largest protists! brownishaccessory pigment (fucoxanthin) Rhodophyta (red algae) - mayhave been among the first sexually reproducing organisms; single-celled OR multicelled photosynthetic protistwith red accessory pigment (phycobilins) that allow them to live at greatdepths; many commercial uses (nori, agar, carrageenan are all used in foodprocessing) |
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Describe the major categories of Protozoa. |
INCOMPLETE Ciliates - unwalled,single-celled heterotroph protist with many cilia (predators in sea or freshwater) Flagellates - single, unwalled cells that have one or more flagella; layer of proteins (pellicle) below the cell membrane provides shape. Typically heterotrophs, but some euglenoids (fresh water protists with a single flagella and one or more contractile vacuoles [collects and expels excess water]) have chloroplasts. Apicomplexans - parasitic protists that spend part of their life inside cells of their hosts (Plasmodium = malaria) Amoebozoans - Amoebas and slime molds |
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Compare green algae to plants. Understand similarities and differences between these two groups of organisms. |
INCOMPLETE
Single-celled,colonial, or multicelled photosynthetic protist belonging to the group mostclosely related to land plants |
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Understand how amoeboid protozoal species compare to slime molds, fungi and animals. |
Sharea common ancestor with fungi and animals |
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Give specific examples of algal and protozoal pathogens that cause human illness and describe how they do so. |
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Know which type of protist causes malaria and how this disease is transmitted. |
Plasmodium
In liver, sporozoite reproduces asexually; merozoites enter red blood cells, reproduce, and develop into male and female gametocytes. In mosquito gut, gametocytes from human blood mature/fuse to form zygotes, which develop into sporozoites and are transferred in mosquito saliva to a new host |
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What is a virus? What does it consist of? |
A noncellular infectious particle with a protein coat and a genome of RNA or DNA (and sometimes lipids);replicates only in living cells. |
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What is a virus that infects bacteria? |
Bacteriophage |
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What are some viral diseases in animals? |
Cold sores, HIV, the common cold, Ebola, Rabies, the flu, Polio, chicken pox |
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What is the infection pathway of HIV? |
1. Viral protein binds to proteins at the surface of a white blood cell 2. Viral RNA and enzymes enter the cell 3. Viral reverse transcriptase uses viral RNA to make double-stranded viral DNA 4. Viral DNA enters the nucleus and becomes integrated into the host genome 5. Transcription produces viral RNA 6. Some viral RNA is translated to produce viral proteins 7. Other viral RNA forms the new viral genome 8. Viral proteins and viral RNA self-assemble at the host plasma membrane 9. New virus buds from the host cell, with an envelope of host plasma membrane |
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What happens during viral reassortment (like in the flu)? |
1. Two strains of influenza viruses infect a host at the same time. 2. Inside a host cell, viral genes are copied and the copies mix together. 3. A mix of genes is packaged into each new viral particle that buds from the host cell. New version of H1N1 influenza appeared that had genes from a human flu virus, a bird flu virus, and two different swine flu viruses. Such composite genomes arise as a result of viral reassortment |
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What is the difference between Bacteria and Archaea? |
Both prokaryotes, but most bacteria are beneficial/important role in the ecosystem; the archaea do not cause disease. Nearly all bacteria and archaea have a porous cell wall around their plasma membrane. 1. Bacterial cell walls have peptidoglycan (mesh-like structure also known as murein); archaeal cell walls do not 2. Bacteria have one ribosomal RNA polymerase (rRNA); archaea have three ribosomal RNA polymerase (in this respect archaea are similar to eukaryotes) 3. Bacteria cannot live above 100 degrees Celsius; archaea can thrive in extreme temperatures. Archaea are actually extremophiles 4. Bacterial growth is inhibited by antibiotics; archaeal growth is not inhibited by antibiotics |
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What are some benefits of bacteria? |
Normalflora in the gut Decomposers break organic material into inorganic subunits Nitrogen-fixing bacteria make nitrogen available to photosynthesizers by nitrogen fixation Photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) fixcarbon and put oxygen into the atmosphere |
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What are some harmful effects (diseases) of bacteria? |
Bubonic plague, whooping cough, tuberculosis, impetigo, strep throat, cholera, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, lyme disease, botulism |
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What distinguishes protozoa from algae? |
Ability to do photosynthesis or not. ALGAE are (photo)autotrophs, PROTOZOA are (chemo)heterotrophs |
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Which of the following statements is not correct? a. Angiosperms produce pollen and seeds. b. Mosses are nonvascular plants. c. Ferns and angiosperms are vascular plants. d. Only gymnosperms produce fruits. |
d. Only gymnosperms produce fruits |
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Which does not apply to all seed plants? a. vascular tissues b. diploid dominance c. single spore type d. all of the above |
c. single spore type |
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Bryophytes have independent _______ and dependent _______. a. sporophytes; gametophytes b. gametophytes; sporophytes |
b. gametophytes; sporophytes |
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Ferns are classified as _______ plants. a. multicelled aquatic b. nonvascular seed c. seedless vascular d. seed-bearing vascular |
c. seedless vascular |
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The _______ produce flagellated sperm. a. ferns b. conifers c. monocots d. a and c |
a. ferns |
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The _______ produced in the male cones of a conifer develop into pollen grains. a. ovules b. ovaries c. megaspores d. microspores |
d. microspores |
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A seed is _______. a. a female gametophyte b. a mature ovule c. a mature pollen tube d. an immature spore |
b. a mature ovule |
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Match: GYMNOSPERM, SPOROPHYTE, HORSETAIL, BRYOPHYTE, GAMETOPHYTE, STOMATA, ANGLOSPERM a. gamete-producing body b. help control water loss c. "naked" seeds d. spore-producing body e. nonvascular land plant f. seedless vascular plant g. flowering plant |
GYMNOSPERM - (c)"naked" seeds SPOROPHYTE - (d)spore-producing body HORSETAIL - (f)seedless vascular plant BRYOPHYTE - (e)nonvascular land plant GAMETOPHYTE - (a)gamete-producing body STOMATA - (b)help control water loss ANGLOSPERM - (g)flowering plant |
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All fungi _______. a. are multicelled b. form flagellated spores c. are heterotrophs d. all of the above |
c. are heterotrophs |
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Fungal decomposers derive nutrients from _______. a. organic wastes and remains b. living plants c. living animals d. photosynthesis |
a. organic wastes and remains |
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A mushroom is _______. a. the food-absorbing part of a fungus b. the only part of the fungal body not made of hyphae c. a reproductive structure that releases sexual spores d. the longest-lived part of the fungal life cycle |
c. a reproductive structure that releases sexual spores |
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Human fungal infections most commonly involve _______. a. the brain b. the heart c. the digestive system d. body surfaces |
d. body surfaces |
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A _______ is a composite organism composed of a fungus and a single-celled photosynthetic species. a. mycorrhiza b. lichen c. decomposer d. ringworm |
b. lichen |
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Cell walls of fungi are composed of _______. a. cellulose b. keratin c. lignin d. chitin |
d. chitin |
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Match: DECOMPOSER, YEAST, MUSHROOM, CHYTRID, HYPHA, MYCELLUM, GLOMEROMYCETE FUNGUS a. filament made of walled cells b. club fungus fruiting body c. fungus with flagellated spores d. mesh of fungal filaments e. partners with a plant root f. single-celled fungus g. breaks down organic matter |
DECOMPOSER - (g) breaks down organic matter YEAST - (f) single-celled fungus MUSHROOM - (b) club fungus fruiting body CHYTRID - (c) fungus with flagellated spores HYPHA - (a) filament made of walled cells MYCELLUM - (d) mesh of fungal filaments GLOMEROMYCETE FUNGUS - (e) partners with a plant root |
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Distinguish fungi from animals and also from plants. |
Spore-producing heterotroph that has cell walls of chitin and feeds by extracellular digestion and absorption
More closely related to animals than to plants. Obtain nutrients by extracellular digestion and absorption |
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Describe the various types of fungal body plans, patterns of reproduction, and natural history. |
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Describe mutualistic relationships between fungi and some plant roots. |
Mycorrhiza– Fungus–plant root partnership.
Most plants rely on mycorrhizal fungi that live in or on their roots and help them take up food |
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Understand how lichens are able to thrive on top of a rock or in the arid lands of deserts. |
Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a fungus and a single-celled photosynthetic species, either a green alga or a cyanobacterium. The fungus makes up most of the lichen’s mass and shelters the photosynthetic species, which shares nutrients with the fungus |
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Give specific examples of fungal pathogens that cause human illness and describe how they do so. |
Athletes foot, ringworm, vaginitis (yeast infections), histoplasmosis, and coccidioidomycosis |
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Know why Saccharomyces is important. |
Ascomycota (Sac fungus): Brewer's yeast!
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Outline the evolutionary advances that converted marine algal ancestors into plants that could live on land. |
Waxy cuticle with stomata, true roots, and vascular tissues that distribute materials and provide structural support. Evolution of pollen grains and seeds gave seed plants the capacity to live in drier places than other plants
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State the advances that converted primitive marsh plants into dry-land flowering plants. |
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Use a diagram to illustrate the evolutionary trends in plants with specific reference to sporophyte and gametophyte generations. |
Alternation of generations:
1. The diploid generation - sporophyte - produces spores by meiosis. A plant spore is a single diploid cell that undergoes mitosis and develops into the multicelled, haploid generation 2. The haploid gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis 3. Gametes unite at fertilization to form a zygote 4. Zygote develops into a diploid sporophyte |
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Characterize the bryophytes and compare them to seedless vascular plants. |
Bryophytes include three lineages of low-growing plants (mosses, hornworts, and liverworts [oldest plant lineage!]). All have flagellated sperm and disperse by releasing spores; only modern plants in which the gametophyte dominates the life cycle and the sporophyte is dependent upon it. Hornworts are most likely the closest living relatives of vascular plants. No true roots or vascular tissues. Seedless vascular plants (ferns, club mosses, and horsetails)have true roots and two types of vascular tissues, xylem (distributes water and dissolved mineral ions) and phloem (distributes dissolved sugars produced by photosynthesis). Gametophyte is reduced in size/relatively short-lived. Although the sporophyte develops on the gametophyte body, it survives on its own after the gametophyte dies. BOTH produce flagellated sperm that swim to eggs, and both release spores |
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Characterize the seedless vascular plants and compare them to gymnosperms and angiosperms. |
Gymnosperms – Seed plant that produces “naked” seeds (seeds that are not encased within a fruit); adapted todry climates
Angiosperms – Seed plant that produces flowers and fruits |
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Discuss the evolutionary reasons why botanists consider the angiosperms to be the most recent of all plants. |
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Know the male and female parts of a typical flower. |
Male: Stamen surrounds carpel; consists of a tall stalk, called the filament, topped by an anther that holds two pollen sacs.
Female: carpelcontains the ovary (holds ovules), style, and stigma (receives pollen) |
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Describe the general difference between algae and protozoa? |
Both are protists, but Algae - photosynthetic Protozoa - heterotrophic |
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Why do botanists think that green algae gave rise to land plants? |
Found closer to land than red algae Found in fresh water Same photo-pigments as land plants |
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Which protist is thought to have given rise to the animal kingdom? |
Choanoflagellates - Heterotrophicprotists with a collared flagellum; protist group most closely related toanimals. (Genes and adhesion proteins similar to animals)
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Which protist is thought to have given rise to fungi? |
Slime molds (formation of fruiting bodies resembles fungi) |
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What is a fungus? |
Single-celled or multicelled eukaryotic consumer that breaks down material outside itself, then absorbs nutrients released from the breakdown |
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What is a mycellium? |
Mass of threadlike filaments that composed of hypha |
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What is a hypha? |
A single filament in a mycellium |
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What are the six major phyla of fungi? |
Glomeromycota (mycorhiza) Chytridomycota (Chytrid) produces flagellated spores Zygomycota (bread mold) usually grows as a mold; sexual reproduction yields a thick-walled zygospore Ascomycota - Sacfungus (truffles and morels) –produces spores by meiosis in saclike cells. Basidiomycota - Club fungus(mushrooms) –produces spores by meiosis in club-shaped cells Lichens |
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What are the steps in fungal growth? |
1. Two haploid hyphal cells meet and their cytoplasm fuses, forming a dikaryotic (n+n) cell. 2. Mitotic cell divisions form a mycelium that produces a mushroom. 3. Spore-making cells form at the edges of the mushroom’s gills. 4. inside these dikaryotic cells, nuclei fuse, making the cells diploid (2n). 5. The diploid cells undergo meiosis, forming haploid (n) spores. 6. Spores are released and give rise to a new haploid mycelium. |
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What are some fungal diseases? |
In plants: Wheat stem rust and American chestnut blight In animals: Athletes foot, ringworm, vaginitis (yeast infections), histoplasmosis, and coccidioidomycosis are all fungal diseases |
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What is a lichen? |
Composite organism consisting of a fungus and a green alga OR cyanobacterium (witch's hair, lungwort, etc.) |
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What is the difference between macroevolution and microevolution? |
Macroevolution - large-scale patterns of evolutionary change such as adaptive radiation (one lineage rapidly diversifies into several new species [Hawaiian honeycreeper birds]), the origin of major groups, and mass extinctions Microevolution - change in allele frequency; it is always occurring in natural populations because processes that drive it are always operating |
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What's the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? |
Autotrophs - producers that build their own food using carbon dioxide (CO2 ) as their carbon source. Photoautotrophs (photosynthetic; use energy of light to assemble organic compounds from CO2 and water) and Chemoautotrophs (obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules) Heterotrophs - obtain carbon by taking up organic molecules from their environment. Photoheterotrophs (harvest energy from light, and carbon from alcohols, fatty acids, or other small organic molecules) and Chemoheterotrophs (obtain both energy and carbon by breaking down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) |
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What are water molds? What are their closest relatives? |
Heterotrophic protist that forms a mesh of nutrient-absorbingfilaments; most decompose organic materials in aquatichabitats; some are pathogens of fish or plants (Example: Phytophthora “plant destroyer”) (An agricultural bane: including the reason forthe great Irish famine of the 1850s) Diatoms and brown algae are the closestrelatives of water molds; both are photosynthetic and have chloroplasts thatinclude a brownish accessory pigment (fucoxanthin). |
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What are diatoms? |
Single-celledphotosynthetic protist with brown accessory pigments and a two-part silicashell.Marine diatoms form diatomaceous deposits |
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What is the life cycle of a flowering plant? |
Pollination - Pollen lands on a receptive stigma; pollen tube delivers two sperm to the ovule. Doublefertilization – one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming the zygote, andanother fertilizes a diploid cell, forming what will become endosperm – Nutritivetissue in an angiosperm seed. Ovary tissue matures into a fruit that enclosesthe seed, which grows into a new sporophyte. |
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What are the two major groups of angiosperms? |
Monocots– grasses, orchids, and palms. Eudicots– largest lineage: herbaceous plants, woody trees, andcacti Some have secondary growth. The wood ofdeciduous trees is composed of lignin and this reinforcing tissue allows treesto grow tall Deciduous trees drop their leaves in the fall |
