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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
White blood cells are ready to...
-Carry Oxygen
-Clot up Cuts in Skin
-Produce Defensive Cells
-Defend against foreign cells
Ch 37
Both Produce and Defend
Where can white blood cells be found?
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-liver
-kidneys
-All of the above
Ch 37
All of the above
T or F
Eosinophils secrete enzymes that punches holes in parasitic worms.
Ch 37
True
The ___________ ____________ is a set of plasma proteins that enhance non-specific and specific defenses.
Ch 37
Complement System
Neutrophils...
-Secrete enzymes that punch holes in parasitic worms
-secrete histamine
-the most abundant, phagocytize bacteria
-are formed from immature cells called monocytes
Ch 37
The most abundant, phagocytize bacteria
T or F
Interferons and proteins of the complement system are included in the second line of defense.
Ch 37
True
Complement Proteins...
-Are activated in a cascading fashion
-Form pore complexes which cause the pathogen to lyse and die
-Some activate proteins which promote inflammation
-Attract ohagocytes
-All of the above
Ch 37
All of the above
T and B ____________ along with the macrophages of the vertebrate immune system are called upon in the 3rd line of defense.
-Leukocytes
-lymphocytes
-WBCs
Ch 37
lymphocytes
T or F
The immune system shows immunological specificity and memory.
Ch 37
True
WBCs are produced from where?
-heart
-Immune system
-Stem cells in bone marrow
Ch 37
Stem cells in bone marrow
First line of defense and second line of defense are both...
-Specific resistance
-nonspecific resistance
Ch 37
nonspecific resistance
All of these are nonspecific resistance substances of a first line of defense except...
-Skin
-T-cells
-microbial inhabitants
-mucous membranes
-urine
-diarrhea
T-cells; they are part of the 3rd line of defense
About ________ kinds of complement proteins circulate in the blood in inactive form.
-5
-20
-10
-100
ch 37
20
Macrophages...
-secrete histamine
-are formed from immature cells called monocytes
-engulf and digest almost any foreign or damaged tissue
-A and B
-B and C
ch 37
B and c
Inflammatory response include all of these but...
-swelling
-pain
-fever
-cough
-warming
-redness
ch 37
Fever and cough
These are results from __________ ______________
-localized warming, redness, swelling, pain
-microorganisms invaade a tissue and kills damaged cells
-mast cells release histamine and heparin
-delivery of infection-fighting proteins to the tissues by allowing fluid to seep from blood vessels
-complement proteins attack invaders
-Macrophages engulf invaders and debris, allowing the damaged tissue to repair.
Ch 37
Inflammatory response
T or F
Interleukins cause fever (not necessarily a bad thing)
Ch 37
False: They cause drowsiness
Prostoglandins are the ones that cause fever bc they signal the brain to reset its "thermostat"
Match
-First line of defense
-Second line of defense
-third line of defense
A) activation of innate immunity triggers _____ _____, adaptive immunity
B) includes the physical, chemical and mechanical barriers that usually keep pathogens out
C)Begins after tissue is damaged or after antigen is detected
Ch 37
B,C,A
Match
-T lymphocytes
-B lymphocyte
-Cytotoxic T cell
A) Lymphocyte that makes antibodies
B)Lymphocyte that kills infected or cancerous cells
C) Lymphocyte central to adaptive immunity; some kinds target infected or cancerous body cells.
Ch 37
C,A,B
An ____ is a molecule or particle that the immune system recognizes as non-self. Triggers an immune response.
Ch 37
antigen
Match
-Neutrophil
-Monocyte
-Basophil
-Lymphocyte
-Eosinophil
A) Circulating WBC with a role in inflammation
B) WBC that targets multicelled parasites
C) circulating phagocytic WBC
D) develop macrophages
E) specify immune response of the body towards infectious microorganisms
Ch. 37
C,D,A,E,B
Definition
WBC that is anchored in many tissues; factor in inflammation.
Ch 37
Mast Cell
Definition
A type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.
Ch 37
Phagocyte
Definition
"Cell eating"; an endocytic pathway by which a cell engulfs particles such as microbes or cellular debris
Ch 37
Phagocytosis
Definition
Antigen Receptor on the surface of a T cell.
T cell receptor
T or F
Virgin T cells ignore both unadorned MHC markers and free antigen, but recognize antigen-mhc complexes.
Ch 37
True
Antigen-presenting cells...
-are triggers for Immune Responses
-invisible to virgin t cells
-are foreign cells
Ch 37
All three answers
T or F
Any cell that displays antigen with a suitable MHC marker is known as an antigen-presenting cell and will be noticed by lymphocytes.
Ch 37
True
Definition
Antigen sensitized B cell or T cell that forms in an immune response and acts in a secondary immune response.
Ch 37
Effector Cell
T or F
An antibody has sites that will match up with only one kind of antigen.
True
B cells produce four classes of antibodies known as the ___________. What are the names of the four individual anitibodies.
Ch 37
Immunoglobulins
Match
-IgM
-IgG
-IgA
-IgE
A)present in saliva, tears, and mucus, helps repel invaders at the start of the respiratory system.
B)Activate comploment proteins and neutralize many toxins. (can protect the fetus)
C)stimulate basophils and mast cells to secret histamine
D)the first to be secreted during immune response, trigger the complement cascade
Ch 37
D, B, A, C
___________ is the basis of the secondary immune response to a previously encountered agent.
Ch 37
Immunological Memory
Match
-Incomplete digestive system
-Complete digestive system
A) One opening (ex. flatworm)
B) a tube with two openings allowing food to move in one direction through the lumen
Ch 39
A, B
What are the five regions of the vertebrate digestive tract?
Ch 39
mouth-->esophagus-->stomach-->small intestine-->large intestine
What are the five tasks that the vertebrate performs?
Ingestion
Mechanical and Motility
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
Match
-Mechanical and Motility
-Digestion
-Absorption
-Elimination
A)The breaking up, mixing, and transporting food material.
B)the expulsion of undigested and unabsorbed residues at the end of the gut
C)the passage of digested nutrients into the blood and lymph
D)the chemical breakdown of food and matter to molecules and enough to cross the gut lining
ch 39
A, D, C, B
What three things are in saliva that begin carbohydrate digestion, neutralize acids, and lubricate?
Ch 39
Salivary amylase, bicarbonate, and mucins respectively.
Definition
The __________ is a muscular sac that stores and mixes food secretes substances that dissolve and degrade food, and controls the rate at which food enters the small intestine.
Ch 39
Stomach
Definition
________ is a fluid secreted by the stomach and contains, digestive enzymes, acid, and mucus.
Ch 39
Gastric fluids
If mucus and biocarbonate are blocked from protecting the stomach lining, what may be resulted?
Peptic ulcer
HCI dissolves bits of food to form a soupy chyme; it also converts pepsinogen (inactive) to pepsin (active). What does pepsin do?
Ch 39
It begins the digestion of proteins
Name the three sections of the the small intestine: the upper section, the central section and the rest.
Ch 39
deuodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Intestinal peptidase, lactase, lipase, and sucrase are enzymes help with food digestion and secrete from the _________ ___________.
Ch 39
small intestines
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes including pancreatic amylase, lipases, nucleases, and trypsin and chymotrypsin that digest proteins to peptide fragments and _______________ and ______________.
Ch 39
carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase
The pancreas secretes the hormones ________ and _________ which regulate blood glucose levels.
Ch 39
insulin and glucagon
What does the liver do?
Ch 39
Destroys old blood cells, stores glycogen, and adds glucose to the blood stream when levels drop.
It also produces bile.
Where is bile stored and what is their function?
Ch 39
Gallbladder
It breaks up fat droplets in the small intestine.
What else (other than producing bile) does the liver do?
Ch 39
It stores and synthesizes certain nutrient and detoxifies alcohol and other poisons.
What does the intestinal wall consist of? Where are villi and microvilli located?
Ch 39
Mucosa (faces lumen), submucosa, muscle layers (one longitudinal and the other circular).
Villi and microvilli are located in the intestines which increase the surface area of the inside of the intestines.
What is the function of the colon?
ch 39
Water re-absorption and elimination of feces
T or F
The circulatory system moves blood through the body and removes waste.
Ch 36
True
Match
-Left Half
-Right Half
A) The ________ ______ of the heart receives de-oxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation= pulmonary circuit
B) The _____ _____ receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all the body=systemic circuit.
Ch 36
A, B
What tissue is this?
-contains phagocytic cells that fight infection
-equalizes body temperatures in birds and mammals
-stabilize internal pH
-carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, and it carries secretions and wastes away from them
Ch 36
Blood
When blood cell numbers drop due to blood loss, the kidneys and liver sense lowered oxygen delivery and do what?
Ch 36
Produce erythropoietin
What route does blood travel follow?
Ch 36
heart---> arteries--->arterioles--->capillaries--->venules--->veins--->heart