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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tetrad
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homologous chromosomes paired up
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recombination
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crossing over (Meiosis I, prophase)
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Independent assortment
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random distribution of homologous chromosome pairs during meiosis
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starting female cells in gamete formation
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oogonia
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starting male cells
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spermatogonia
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primary oocytes and spermatocytes
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diploid cells that give rise to two other sets of diploid cells
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polar bodies
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nonfunctional cells produced during meiosis in females
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cross-polinate
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have one plant pollinate another
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P generation
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parental generation
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first filial generation
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offspring of the parental generation
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allele
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alternative form of a gene
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LAw of Segregation
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differ
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homologous
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same in size and function
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chromatin
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molecular complex, composed of DNA and proteins, that makes up the chromosomes of eukaryotic organisms
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mitosis
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separation of a cell's duplicated chromosomes prior to cytokinesis
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cytokinesis
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physical separation of one cell into two daughter cells
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interphase
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portion of cell cycle in which the cell simultaneously carries out its work and duplicates its chromosomes
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M phase
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mitotic phase
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mitotic phase
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portion cell cycle that includes both mitosis and cytokinesis
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G1
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gap one of interphase; normal cell operations adn cell growth
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S
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synthesis in Interphase: synthesis of DNA resulthing in the duplication of the chromosomes
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G2
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gap two of Interphase: cytoplasmic growth and preparation for cell division
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Cell cycle
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repeating pattern of growth, genetic duplication, adn division seen in most cells
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How many chromosomes at the end of Prophase in humans?
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46 chromosomes; 92 chromatids
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microtubules
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protein fibers that are part of the cell's cytoskeleton or internal fiber network
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centrosome
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cellular structure that acts as an organizing center for the assembly of microtubules
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metaphase plate
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a plane located midway between the poles of a dividing cell
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beginning of mitosis marks the end of
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interphase
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mitosis has begun with prophase when
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we can see chromosomes
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In prophase:
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MITOTIS BEGINS
-chromosomes take shape -DNA condenses -nuclear envelope begins to break down -two centrosomes begin to move toward cellular poles, sprouting microtubules |
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microtubules
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stretch the cell, move the cell's chromosomes around
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mitotic spindle
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microtubules active in cell division that form a cage around nuclear material and attatch to chromosomes
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In metaphase:
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ATTATCHMENT AND ALIGNMENT
-microtubules form cage around cell's former nucleus -other microtubules attatch to sister chromatids and align them at metaphase plate -chromatids now face pole opposite that of its sister chromatid |
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In Anaphase:
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SEPARATION
-genetic material divides: -sister chromatids moved to opp. poles in the cell -chromatids become chromosomes -microtubules pull the chromatids to the opp. poles |
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In Telophase:
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(and cytokinesis) EXIT FROM MITOSIS
-newly independent chromosomes unwind and lose shape -mitotic spindle breaks down -new nuclear membranes (envelopes)forming -results in 2 finished daughter nuclei lying in one elongating cell - |
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Meanwhile, in Cytokinesis:
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(and telophase) EXIT FROM MITOSIS
-began in anaphase -cell maembrane pinches together -membranes on each side fuse together -one cell becomes two --~--~--~--~----~--~--~--~-- -works through tightening of contractile ring -cleavage furrow results -consequently, fibers in mitotic spindle pushed together until membrane fusion splits cell into 2 -interphase begins |
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membrane fusion
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membranes on each half of the hourglass circle toward each other and then fuse
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