Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
define: cell
|
smallest living unit of life; Bacteria is single-celled but is a complete organism
|
|
define: tissue
|
a group of cells that have a similar function
|
|
define: organ
|
a group of different tissues that perform a specific function
|
|
define: organ system
|
also known as "system level", several organs that will perform a common fuction
|
|
The Cell Theory
|
1. the cell is the basic living unit of life
2. all organisms are composed of cell(s) 3. all cells come from pre-existing cells |
|
Eukaryotic
|
has a nucleus
|
|
Prokaryotic
|
-does not have a nucleus
-are mainly bacteria |
|
cell wall
|
gives cell structure (shape), and provides support and protection.
|
|
Plants have what kind of cell wall?
|
cellulose
|
|
Fungi have what kind of cell wall?
|
chitin
|
|
Animals have what kind of cell wall?
|
no cell wall
|
|
cilia
|
for motility;
numerous little projections |
|
flagella
|
for motility;
tend to be long and hairlike |
|
cell membrane
|
just under cell wall; is where animal cells start; made up of phospholipids (40%) and proteins (60%); semi-selective membrane
|
|
simple diffusion
|
movement of small molecules from high concentration to low concentration; can go either way, it just depends where the highest concentration is;
works best with small molecules |
|
osmosis
|
movement of water across a selective membrane
|
|
facilitated diffusion
|
involves large molecules; molecules will attach to proteins in cell membrane and then are drug in and released inside cell
|
|
cytoplasm
|
all of area from membrane to nucleus;
the fluid element of cell; can be as much as 90% water; other components are floating in cytoplasm |
|
organelles
|
the solid intracellular components
|
|
nucleus
|
larger structure within the cell; has own membrane inside is a 2nd ball called nucleolus
|
|
nucleolus
|
where all genetic material is housed (DNA)
|
|
nucleoplasm
|
cytoplasm inside the nucleus
|
|
chromosomes
|
double coiled strand of DNA
|
|
endoplasmic reticlulm
|
there is smooth & rough;
smooth is for nonprotein products; rough is for attached to rough ER |
|
ribosomes
|
job is to produce protein;
is attached to the ER, makes up the rough part |
|
golgi apparatus
|
process & package proteins;
look like stacks of pancakes |
|
mitochondria
|
produce ATP's (energy)
bean shaped |
|
centrioles
|
usually located at one end of the other;
a series of tubes laid side by side; used during cell division- produces spindle fibers that will attach to chromosomes and pull them apart for mitosis |
|
lysosomes
|
chemical pockets located throughtout cell; most contain lysosyme which is used to break down bacteria, therefore is most common in white blood cells
|
|
vacuoles
|
spaces within cell-usually for gas or water storage. ex: H2O or O2.
|
|
chloraplast
|
produce chloroplhyll- used for photosynthesis in plants;
not in animals |
|
What are the phases of mitosis?
|
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
|
|
How long does
Interphase last? |
about 15.3 hours
|
|
How long does mitosis average?
|
16 hours
|
|
what are the different stages of interphase?
|
G1, S phase, and G2
|
|
Describe interphase
|
carries on normal everyday activities. Toward end, goes into a series of subphases.
|
|
G1
|
organelles double
|
|
S phase
|
DNA replication occurs - HAVE to HAVE duplication
|
|
G2
|
high rate of protein synthesis
|
|
Prophase
|
chromosomes will thicken, shorten, and duplicate.-
Nucleur membrane will fragment and will eventually disappear.- Spindle fibers will begin to form from the centrioles |
|
Metaphase
|
chromosomes move to equatorial plat ( move to middle of cell)
|
|
Anaphase
|
chromosomes seperate and move to poles.
-cytokinesis occurs (cell division) |
|
Telephase
|
chromosomes reach the poles.
- nucleur membrane reforms. - ends when cytokinesis is complete |
|
What is a Karyotype?
|
a display of chromosome cut from a photo of a splat and arranged in pairs
|
|
Which chromosome(s) is/are the
"Autosomes"? |
pairs 1 through 22
|
|
which chromosome(s) is/are the "sex chromosomes"?
|
pair #23
|
|
Down Syndrome
|
have Trisomy 21.
-will have 3 #21's.- Typically shorter, stockier, very distinct look because of the extra layer of fat under eyebrows. eyes appear oriental-like, stubby fingers, lower IQ's. is a tendency in older females to give birth to Downs babies |
|
Kleinefelter Syndrome
|
have XXY chromosomes.
considered neither male nor female but have the appearence of male. are sterile have breast development, IQ's are lower |
|
Patau Syndrome
|
Trisomy 13
- increase in heart and nerve problems - to live for one year is extremely rare, if even born. - exhibit same as Edward Syndrome |
|
Edward Syndrome
|
Trisomy 13.
- increase in heart and nerve problems. - to live 1 year is rare, if even born. - exhibits same as Patau Syndrome |
|
Turner Syndrome
|
is just one single "X" .
-text will usually write as "X0" - appears female, shorter, ovaries nonfunctional, tendency to heart problems, no adverse mental affects, have problems with distances |
|
Jacobs Syndrome
|
known as a supermale because of "XYY".
-appear male, tendency to be larger/taller, may or may not be sterile, lower IQ's. |
|
Fragile X Syndrome
|
could be male of female (XY) or (XX).
a part of the X chromosome will break off |
|
metafemale
|
"XXX" or more X's.
-numerous X's, it forms "bar-bodies". -appear female, XXX appears normal. - menstruation irregular, menopause occurs about mid- 30's. -XXXXXXXX are normally nonreproductive |
|
Trisomy 22
|
have 3 #22 chromosomes.
-heart problems |
|
Monosomy 21
|
one 1 #21 chromosome
- heart/ nerve problems |
|
Cri Du Chat
|
have a partial #5 chromosome.
- skull begins of ossify immediatly upon birth. -brain presses on skull because skull not expanding. - causes to cry a lot and cry sounds like a cat - life span typically less than 1 year |
|
Muscular Dystrophy
|
lacks gene that produces a protein that controls calcium release
|
|
Color Blindness
|
genes to see Red & Green are located on X, so if missing from X, men are color blind for that color.
mostly occurs in males |
|
Hemophilia
|
lack of factor 8 gene (written as VIII), which produces protein for clotting.
- mostly occurs in males |
|
sex-linked disorders
|
female is carries but does not normally express symptoms (because female has a "back-up" X chromosome, male does not), male will express symptoms
|