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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the function of the reproductive system?
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reproduction - if there is no reproduction, extinction occurs
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What do the testes do?
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produces sperm and secondary sex hormone
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What does the epididymis do?
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stores sperm
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What do the seminal vesicles do?
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adds liqueds that are slightly basic in Ph
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What does the prostate Gland do?
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add more liqueds, mostly water and a lot of fructose to give energy to the sperm
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What does the ejaculatory duct do?
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is inside the prostate gland, surrounds urethra, provides force for ejaculation
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What does the urethra do?
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tube leading form bladder to outside voiding urine and semen
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What does the Cowper's gland do?
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add more fluid that is slightly basic
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What is the penis?
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the external portion, it contains cavernous tissue.
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What is the glans penis?
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knobby portion at the end of the penis. very sensitive and there for sexual arousal
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What is the foreskin?
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skin that covers the glans penis and what is removed during circumsision
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What is semen?
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collection of sperm and fluids that is added as it goes through the reproductive system
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describe sperm?
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main component in semen, have flagella and have 23 chromosomes
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what is a good sperm count?
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50-100 mil/ mL
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what is the ovary?
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produces the egg and primary sex hormones
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What is the oviduct?
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conducts the egg from ovaries, where fertilization occurs
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what is the uterus?
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muscular chamber where a fertilization egg will be implanted and grow into a fetus
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What is the cervix
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opening of uterus
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What is the vagina?
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muscular tube - 2 functions (1)copulation, (2)birth canal
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What is the vulva?
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series of folds on exit of vagina
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What is the Labia Majora?
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outer most fold of skin, larger
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What is the Labia Minora?
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inner most fold of skin, smaller
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What is the glans clitoris?
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above or anterior to the folds for sexual arousal
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In the uterine cycle, what occurs during days 1-5?
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menstruation - estrogen levels are down, the lining of uterus desintagrates
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In the uterine cycle, what occurs during days 6-13?
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estrogen levels are up, around the egg the tissue in ovary will swell
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In the uterine cycle, what occurs during day 14?
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ovulation, the tissue bursts and egg breaks loose and released from ovary
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In the uterine cycle, what occurs during days 15-28?
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uterus begins to rethicken and if egg is fertilized then will be implanted
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What are the breasts?
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mammary glands - mammaries
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What does Follicle Stimulating Hormone do in females?
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promotes egg production
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What does Follicle Stimulating Hormone do in males?
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promotes sperm production
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What does Luteinizing Hormone do in females?
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promotes ovulation
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What does Luteinizing Hormone do in males?
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promotes testosterone formation
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What does Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone do in females?
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control the luteinizing of ovulation
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What does Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone do in males?
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control the luteinizing of testosterone formation
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What does Estrogen do in females?
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main hormone of female development of ovaries; primary sex hormone; secondary breast and body
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What does Estrogen do in males?
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lower levels in males cause smaller breasts and hair on face; all secondary
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What does Testosterone do in females?
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responsible for secondary characteristics
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What does Testosterone do in males?
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primary male sex hormone; development of testes and other sexual structures; secondary voice, hair, ect.
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How effective is and what is a Vasectomy?
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100%
vas deferens cut and tied |
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How effective is and what is a Tubule Ligation?
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100%
oviducts are cut and tied |
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How effective is and what is a Hormonal Pill?
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99%
oral |
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How effective is and what is a Male Pill?
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99.9%
oral |
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How effective is and what is an IUD?
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90%
"inner uterine device" plastic inserted into uterus |
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How effective is and what is a Diaphram?
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90%
latex cup over cervix |
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How effective is and what is a Cervical Cup?
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85%
latex suction that covers cervix |
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How effective is and what is a Condom?
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85% latex over penis
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How effective is and what is a Spermicidal Creams?
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75%
chemical that kills sperm |
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How effective is and what is a Douche?
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70%
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How effective is and what is a RU 486?
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95%
abortant drug "Day after Pill" oral |
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How effective is and what is a Depo-Provera?
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99%
injection - chemical that interrupts uterine cycle |
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How effective is and what are Implants?
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90%
progesterone release |
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How effective is and what is a Hysterectomy?
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100%
removal of part or all of uterus |
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How effective is and what is a Rhythm Method?
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70%
not having sex during ovulation |
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Reproductive disorder:
Infertility |
10% of US couples and children had them planned;
it may take 10 years to have 1 child |
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Reproductive disorder:
Sterile |
have no children - 15% of US couples
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Reproductive disorder:
AIDS |
2 virus - HIV1 and HIV2 lowers immune system
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Reproductive disorder:
Genital Warts |
caused by HPV- external; can cause cervical cancer
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Reproductive disorder:
Genital Herpes |
caused by HSV2
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Reproductive disorder:
Gonorrhea |
caused by bacteria 'Neisseria gonorrhea' - venereal, causes urethritis and painful urination
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Reproductive disorder:
Chlamydia |
caused by bacteria 'Chlamydia trachomatis' - #1 cause of blindness due to infection of newborns in birth canal
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Reproductive disorder:
Syphilis |
caused by bacteria 'Treponemia pallidum' - causes chancre soars - can eat away at nervous system and drive infected insane
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Reproductive disorder:
Toxic Shock Syndrome |
caused by bacteria 'Staphylococcus spp.' - blood infection, not tampons, not solely a female infection
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Lice
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'Pediculus humanus' and 'Pediculus pubis' - carry many infections; either species can occur anywhere on body
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Reproductive disorder:
Prostatitis |
inflammation of prostate-
can happen for any # of reasons |
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Reproductive disorder:
Male Impotence |
penis fails to remain erect
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Reproductive disorder:
Male Infertility |
low sperm count - below 20 million/ml
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Reproductive disorder:
Amenorrhea |
absence of menstruation in uterine cycle - #1 cause is malnurouishment
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Reproductive disorder:
Dysmenorrhea |
painful menstruation; forceful contractions of uterus during menstruation
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Reproductive disorder:
Ovarian cyst |
ovarian tissue that contains large amounts of fluid; not necessarily cancerous; can get enormous
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Reproductive disorder:
Endometriosis |
uterine tissue growns into oviducts
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Reproductive disorder:
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease |
collective term in any infection of pelvis; usually associated with females
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Reproductive disorder:
Cervical Cancer |
directly related to genital warts; occurs in young women; high fatality rate
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Reproductive disorder:
Breast Cancer |
cancer of breast - not too bad if caught early, fatality rate is very high if caught late
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Parts of the
Nervous System? |
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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Function of
Nervous System |
(1) to transmit impulses
(2) react to those impulses |
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What is a neuron?
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a nerve cell; the main part of the nervous system
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What are the Sensory neurons?
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carries impulse from a sensory organ to the interneuron
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What are the Interneurons?
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carries impulse within the central nervous system
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What are the Motor neurons?
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carries impulse from interneurons to a reactor muscle or gland
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What makes up the central nervous system?
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brain and spinal cord
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what are the portions of the brain
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(1) cerebrum
(2) cerebellum (3) medulla oblongata |
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what is the corpus collosum
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connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum
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What is the cerebrum
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conscious portion of brain; all thought processes and all senses located here - includes personality; divided into 2 hemispheres
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what is the cerebellum?
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cauliflower shaped structure on back of cerebrum; control all muscle coordination, tone posture, balance, and control learned reflexes
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what is the medulla oblongata
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portion leading to spinal cord; controls the reflexes such as vomitting, sneezing, coughing, hiccups, ect. - also controls heart beat and respiratory
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what is the spinal cord?
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connect all the peripheral nerves to the central nervous system; responsible for some reflexes
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What are the meninges
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series of 3 membranes surrounding the central nervous system
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what is the cerebrospinal fluid
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between each membrane and inside brain and spinal cord
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what is one function on the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid?
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cushions the brain
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what is the Peripheral Nervous System?
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all nerves hanging off of central nervous system; all neurons exiting and entering the central nervous system
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Nervous System Disorders:
Parkinson's |
defficiency of dopamine - dopamine is a chemical that allows impulses to happen; will affect the voluntary muscles and cause shaking
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body
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what is the circled area?
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axon
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what is the circled area?
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dendrites
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what is the area indicated?
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myelin sheath
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what is the structures pointed out?
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node of ranvier
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what are the areas indicated?
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axon knobs
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what are the knobs indicated?
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Nervous System Disorder:
Huntington's |
deffiency of GABA (a neural transmitter); leads to loss of muscle control to the point of thrashing, insanity and eventually death
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Nervous System Disorder:
Neuritis |
inflammation of the neurons
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Nervous System Disorder:
Cerebral Palsy |
a group of disorders that all have similar characteristics; similar characteristics are all some sort of disorder affecting the fetus; could be mental and/or physical; usually caused by starvation of, drug use of, radiation exposure to, and/or chemical exposure to the pregnant mother
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Nervous System Disorder:
Epilepsy |
short duration, yet recurrant where neurons malfunction; person will lapse into a daze (most common) or could begin thrashing (not so common)
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Nervous System Disorder:
Tay-Sachs |
have fat build-up around the neurons (the myelin sheath part); is genetic; occurs mostly in eastern European, mostly in people of Jewish descent; result in paralysis; happens in children and they usually don't live past 3 to 4 years
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Nervous System Disorder:
Stroke |
blockage of the brain
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Nervous System Disorder:
Dyslexia |
fairly common disorder; have problems with letters and/or numbers and/or words
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Nervous System Disorder:
Reyes Syndrome |
swelling of brain that can cause coma and death; typically in children; linked to virus and aspirin
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Nervous System Disorder:
Alzeimer's |
unknown cause;
mostly hits elderly; probably some sort of neural transmitter defiency; starts with memory loss and just gets worse |
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Nervous System Disorder:
Meningitis |
inflammation on meninges (membranes around the brain and spinal cord);
could be any number of causes |
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Nervous System Disorder:
Narcolepsy |
cases of involuntary sleep;
absolutely zero control over it; usually predictable as to when it will happen |
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what is vision?
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just a component of the nervous system;
eye does not see- it is only a receptor, the brain actually sees; |
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describe:
lens |
responsible for focusing light rays;
close objects; can see a distance without the lens |
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Describe:
Iris |
color portion, adjusts to allow amounts of light
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Describe:
Pupil |
actually nothing, just a hole in the iris
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Describe:
Choroid |
the middle layer of eye;
absorbs light |
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Describe:
Sclera |
outer-most part of the eye;
the white part; kind of tough |
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Describe:
Cornea |
outer-most lens- it is a lens;
responsible for seeing a distance |
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Describe:
Vitreous Chamber |
the entire inner chamber of the eye;
contains humor |
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Describe:
Humor |
contains a little bit of protein, but mostly water to allow light to shine through
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Describe:
Retina |
layer on the back of the eye;
light receptors are: cones and rods and fovea centralis |
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Describe:
Rods |
light receptors for black and white and gray, basically light
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Describe:
Cones |
receptors for color:
not very common in the animal world; birds have them |
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Describe:
Fovea Centralis |
on the retina;
the point of best vision, the point where the light is focused |
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Describe:
Optic Nerve |
the main nerve that leads from the eye to the brain
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What is
Refraction of Light? |
the bending of light;
the lens bends the light and hopefully concetrates in on one point |
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What is
Focal Distance? |
the distance between the lens adn the focal point
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What is
Focal Point? |
the point where all the light rays are conctrated
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Vision Disorder:
Nearsightedness |
the focal point is in front of the fovea centralis- easy to correct with concave lenses
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Vision Disorder:
Farsightedness |
the focal point is behind the foveal centralis; easy to correct with covex lenses
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Vision Disorders:
Astigmatism |
have an irregular cornea, jagged not smooth;
can be hard to correct |
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Vision Disorders:
Cataract |
protein inside lens becomes oxidized; oxidation will make it cloudy
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Vision Disorder:
Glaucoma |
protein is oxidized between the lens and the cornea
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Vision Disorder:
Conjuctivitis |
conjuctiva is the eyelid:
inflammation of the eyelid and eyeball; commonly known as "pink-eye" |