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248 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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living thing
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organism
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the science of life
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biology
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organisms composed of one cell
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unicellular organisms
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organisms composed of more than one cell
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multicellular organisms
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cells become different from each other as they multiply and collow the various roles supplied by genetic info
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differentiation
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stable level of all internal conditions
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homeostasis
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organisms transmit hereditary info to their offspring
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reproduction
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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DNA
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development of a single trait of an organism
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gene
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hereditary information between two parts of a single organism or two organisms of the same species is combined
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sexual reproduction
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hereditary info from different organisms if not combined
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asexual reproduction
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populations of organisms change over generations
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evolution
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organisms that have vertain favorable traits that are better able to reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits
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natural selection
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study of interactions between organisms
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ecology
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studying specific environmental communities
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ecosystems
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plants and unicellular organisms capture energy from sun and change into forms or energy that can be used to make living things
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photosynthesis
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organisms that make their own food
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autotrophs
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organisms that must take in food to meet energy needs
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heterotrophs
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the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the organism
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metabolism
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formation of two cells from an existing cell
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cell division
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the process by which an adult organism arises
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develpoment
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all info that scientists gather in answering questions
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data
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employs one of the five senses to perceive objects or events
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observation
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technique of using a small part to represent an entire population
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sampling
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a statement that explains observations and can be tested
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hypothesis
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a statement made in advance that states the results that will be obtained from testing a hypothesis
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prediction
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when a hypothesis is tested by carrying out an (blank)
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experiment
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based on a comparison of a control group and experimental group
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controlled experiment
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has an independent variable, stays the same
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controlled group
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dependent variable, one factor changes
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experimental group
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an explanation supported by data
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model
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a conclusion made on the basis of facts or premises rather than direct observations
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inference
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a broad and comprehensive statement of what is thought to be true
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theory
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an instrument that produces an enlarged image of an object
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microscope
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increase of an object's apparent size
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magnification
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power to show details clearly
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resolution
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slide holding specimen over the opening
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stage
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light passes through the specimen and through these
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objective lenses
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magnified image projected up through body of tube
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ocular lenses
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lenses moved into place by revolving
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nosepiece
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factor of enlargement
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power of magnification
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seven fundamental, that describe length, mass, time, and other quantities
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base units
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produced by the mathematical relationship between two base units
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derived units
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What are the six unifying themes of biology?
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-cell structure and function
-stability and homeostasis -reproduction and inheritance -evolution -interdependance of organisms -matter,energy, and organization |
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What are the characteristics of life?
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-composed of cells
-highly organized -use energy -homeostasis -growth -ability to reproduce |
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What are the steps of the scientific method?
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-observation
-hypothesis -experiment -conclusion |
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What is a control group and what happens to it in a controlled experiment?
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-no variables added
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What is an experimental group and what happens to it in a controlled experiment?
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independent variable added
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the study od the interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment
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ecology
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living components of the environment
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biotic factor
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nonliving factors in the environment
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abiotic factors
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a species' way of life, or the role the species plays in its environment
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niche
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the range of conditions that a species can potentially tolerate and the range of resources it can potentially use
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fundamental niche
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the range of resources a species actually uses
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realized niche
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a graph of performance versus values of an environmental variable (temperature)
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tolerance curve
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a species interaction that resembles predation in that one individual is harmed while the other individual benefits
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parasitism
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one individual captures, kills, and consumes another individual
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predation
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How do plants defend themselves against herbivores?
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sharp thorns, spines, sticky hairs, and tough leaves, secondary compunds
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How do animals avoid predation?
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-flee, hiding, resmebling an inedible object
-bright colors to warn poisonous -mimicry |
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a cooperative relationship in which both species derive some benefit
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mutualism
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an interaction in which one species benefits and the other is not affected
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commensalism
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What is the importance of a population's age structure?
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more individuals that survive and reproduce, population will grow, more little ones to have bigger population and grow
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How are age structures close ot human population growth?
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much bigger young population to old population, better chance to reproduce and survive longer
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Why are smaller populations more vulnerable to extinction?
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they have less reproduction rate and so they are likelier to be prey
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population builds on the exponential model but accounts for influence of limiting factors
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logisitc model
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decribes a population that increases rapidly afer only a few generations
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exponential model
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What are the human caused environmental problems?
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overpopulation, mass extinction, ozone depletion, gobal warming
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Explain the human caused problems.
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overpopulation
-too much reproduction, taking up too much space mass extinction -too much population, kill trees and animals for space ozone depletion -CFCs global warming too much greenhouse effect, extra gases and heat, keeping too much in |
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What are the levels of organization in ecology?
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biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population
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the mechanism that insulates Earth from the deep freeze of space
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greenhouse effect
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most inclusice level of organization, the thin volume of Earth and its atmosphere that supports life
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biosphere
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includes all of the organisms and the nonliving environment found in a particular place
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ecosystem
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all the interacting organisms living in an area
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commmunity
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includes all the members of a species that live in one place at one time
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population
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when organisms can adjust their tolerance to abiotic factors
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acclimation
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organisms that do not regulate their internal conditions, they change with their external conditions
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conformers
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organisms that use energy to control some of their internal conditions
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regulators
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enter a state of long teerm reduced activity
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dormancy
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the energy and materials the species needs
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resources
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species with broad niches, tolerate a high range of conditions and use variety of resources
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generalists
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species that have narrow niches
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specialists
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measures how crowed a population is
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population density
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the spatial distribution of individuals within the population
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dispersion
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then umber of burths occuring in a period of time
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birth rate
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the number of deaths in a period of time
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death or mortality rate
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how long on averyage an individual is expected to live
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life expectancy
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the distribution of individuals among different ages in a population
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age structure
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show likelihood of survival at different ages through the lifetime of the organism
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survivorship curves
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a population as the amount by which a population's size changes in a given time
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growth rate
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movement of individuals into a population
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immigration
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the movement of individuals out of the population
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emigration
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How do you find growth rate?
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birth date - death rate = growth rate
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the larger a population gets the faster it grows
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exponential growth
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a factor that restrains the growth of a population
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liniting factor
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when growth rate is higher than death rate and then they both even out
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logistic growth
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natural causes the reduction of a population by the same proportion regardless of the size
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density independent factors
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resource limitations and are triggered by increasing population density
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density dependent
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mating with relatives
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inbreeding
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captures, kills, and consumes another individual
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predator
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the individual consumed by predator
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prey
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a harmless species resembles a poisonous or distasteful species
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mimicry
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synthesize chemicals from products of their metabolism
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secondary compounds
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feeds on another individual
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parasite
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organism being fed on
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host
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external parasites
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ectoparasites
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internal parasites
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endoparasites
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results from fundamental niche overlap
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competition
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one species is eliminated from a community because of competition for the same limited resources
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competitive exclusion
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competitors evolve niche differences or anatomical differences that lessen the intensity of competition
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character displacement
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when similar species coexist, each species uses only part of the available resources
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resource partitioning
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animals that carry pollen
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pollinators
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the number of species a community contains
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species richness
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the rate or number of species in the community to the relative abundance of each species
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species diversity
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larger areas usually contain more species than smaller areas
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species-area effect
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indicates community's resistance to change
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stability
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the gradual, sequential regrowth of species in an area
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succession
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the development of a community in an area that has not supported life previously
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primary succession
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the sequential replacement of species that follows disruption of an existing community
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secondary succession
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the species that predominate early in succession
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pioneer species
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when the community reaches a stable end point
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climax community
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autotrophs that capture energy and use it to make organic molecules
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producers
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produce carbs by using energy from inorganic molecules
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chemosynthesis
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the rate at which producers in an ecosystem capture energy
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gross primary productivity
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organic material in an ecosystem
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biomass
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the rate at which biomass accumulates
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net primary productivity
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heterotrophs
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consumer
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eat producers
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herbivores
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eat both producers and consumers
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omnivores
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eat other consumers
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carnivores
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consumers that feed on the garbage of an ecosystem
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detritivores
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cause decay by breaking down complex molecules in dead tissues and wastes into simpler molecules
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decomposers
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organisms position in the sequence of energy transfers
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trophic levels
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a single pathway of feeding relationships among relationships among organisms in an ecosystem that results in energy transfer
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food chain
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What is the importance of decomposers?
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put nutrients back in ground and start all processes all over again
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What is the difference between a food web and a food chain?
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energy transfers to what organism gets eaten by the others
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moving from the abiotic portion of the environment, such as the atmosphere, into living things, and back again
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biogeochemical cycle
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water in the soil or underground formations of porous rock
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ground water
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movement of water between these various reservoirs
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water cycle
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water that evaporates from plants
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transpiration
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Why are energy transfer diagrams pyramidal in shape,why are there only 4-5 levels?
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lose 10% of energy to each level
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How are terrestrial and aquatic food chains similar and different?
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one on water and land, differnt animal
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the complex pathway that nitrogen follows within an ecosystem
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nitrogen cycle
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process of converting nitrogen gas to nitrate
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nitrogen fixation
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convert nitrogen gas into ammonia, then nitrite, nitrate, which plants can use
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nitrogen-fixing bacteria
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decomposers break down the corpses and wastes of organisms and release the nitrogen they contain as ammonia
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ammonification
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bacteria in the soil take up ammonia and oxidize it into nitrites and nitrates
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nitrification
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nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere
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denitrification
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a c old and largely treeless biome that forms a continuous belt across northern North America, Europe, and Asia
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tundra
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a permanently frozen layer of soil under the surface
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permafrost
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very large terrestrial ecosystems that contain a number of smaller but related ecosystems within them
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biomes
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a forested biome dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees
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taiga
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characterized by trees that lose all of their leaves in teh fall
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temperate deciduous forests
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dominated by grasses
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temperate grasslands
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areas that receive an average of less than 25 cm of rainfall per year
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desert
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tropical or subtropical grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs
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savannas
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tall trees, canopy, epiphytes
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tropical rain forest
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treetops form a continuous layer that shades the forest floor
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canopy
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epiphytes
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small plant in tropical rain forest
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the part of the ocean that receives light
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photic zone
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the cold and dark depths where sunlight cannot penetrate
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aphotic zone
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rhythmic rise and fall of the water level in an area
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intertidal zone
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over the continental shelf
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neritic zone
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deep water of the open sea
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oceanic zone
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open ocean
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pelagic zone
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ocean bottom
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benthic zone
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communities of small organisms that drift with the ocean currents
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plankton
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freshwater rivers and streams flow into the sea
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estuary
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lakes rich in organic matter and vegetation, making waters murky
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eutrophic
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contain little organic matter
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oligotrophic
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communities of small organisms that drift with the ocean currents
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plankton
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freshwater rivers and streams flow into the sea
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estuary
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lakes rich in organic matter and vegetation, making waters murky
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eutrophic
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contain little organic matter
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oligotrophic
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What is the carbon cycle formula for cellular respiration?
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6CO +C H O =6H O+6CO +energy
2 6 12 6 2 2 ATP |
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What is the formula for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
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6CO +6H O+ENERGY=C H O +6O
2 2 6 12 6 2 |
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What is the formula for the nitrogen cycle?
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N=ammonia=nitrites=nitrates=N 2 NH NO NO 2
3 2 3 |
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anything that occupies space and has mass
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matter
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the quantity if matter and object has
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mass
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oure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter
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elements
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the simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element
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atom
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central core
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nucleus
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positive electrical charge
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proton
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no electrical charge
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neutron
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the number of protons in an atom
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atomic number
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negatively charged particles
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electrons
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when electrons move around the nucleus
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energy levels
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a pure substance that is made up of atoms of two or more elements
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compound
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combining in ways that cause their atoms to become stable
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chemical reactions
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attachments
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bond
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forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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covalent bonds
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the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of the substance and that can exist in a free state
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moolecule
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an atom or molecule with an electrical charge
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ion
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a bond formed by electrical attraction between two oppositely charged ions
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ionic bond
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the ability to do work
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energy
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the energy in a system that is available for work
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free energy
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three different states of matter
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sloid, liquid, gas
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shown on the left side of the equation
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reactants
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shown on the right side of the equation
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products
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chemical reactions that involve a net release of free energy
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exergonic reactions
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reactions that involve a net absorption of free energy
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endergonic reaction
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the amount of energy needed to start the reaction
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activation energy
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reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction
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catalyst
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important class of catalysts in living things
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enzymes
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electrons are transferred between atoms
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redox reactions
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a reactant loses one or more electrons
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oxidation reaction
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a reactant gains one or more electrons
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reduction reaction
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mixture in which one or more substance are uniformally distributed in another substance
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solution
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the substance dissolved in the solution
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solute
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the substance in which the solute is dissolved
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solvent
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the measurement of the amoung of solute dissolved in a fixed amount if the solution
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concentration
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no more solute can be dissolved
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saturated solution
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solutions in which water is the solvent
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aqueous solutions
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breaking apart of the water molecule into two ions of opposite charge
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dissociation
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What is the formula for dissociation of water?
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H O<->H+ + OH-
2 |
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What is the OH- molecule known as?
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hydroxide ion
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What is the formula for hydroxide and hydronium ions?
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H+ + H O<->H O+
2 3 |
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What is the H+ molecule known as?
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hydromium ion
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Is 1 more acidic or basic?
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acidic
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ranges from 0-14 and 7 is neutral, base and acid on either side
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pH scale
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chemical substances that neutralize small amouns of either and acid or a base added to a solution
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buffer
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What is the structure of a water molecule?
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O
H H |
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uneven pattern of electrical charge
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polar
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the type of attraction that holds two water molecules together
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hydrogen bond
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an attractive force between the same kind
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cohesion
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the attractive force between unlike substances
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adhesion
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adhesion and cohesion together enable water molecules to move upward through narrow tubes against the force of gravity
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capillarity
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contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and to other elements as well
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organic compounds
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What are the 4 main organic compounds in carbs?
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hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
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clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules they compose
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functional groups
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an organic compund with a
(-OH)hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon atoms |
alcohol
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simple molecules
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monomers
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repeated, linked units
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polymer
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large polymers
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macromolecules
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electrons are transferred between atoms
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redox reactions
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a reactant loses one or more electrons
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oxidation reaction
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a reactant gains one or more electrons
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reduction reaction
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mixture in which one or more substance are uniformally distributed in another substance
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solution
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the substance dissolved in the solution
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solute
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the substance in which the solute is dissolved
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solvent
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the measurement of the amoung of solute dissolved in a fixed amount if the solution
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concentration
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no more solute can be dissolved
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saturated solution
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solutions in which water is the solvent
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aqueous solutions
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breaking apart of the water molecule into two ions of opposite charge
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dissociation
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What is the formula for dissociation of water?
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H O<->H+ + OH-
2 |
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What is the OH- molecule known as?
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hydroxide ion
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What is the formula for hydroxide and hydronium ions?
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H+ + H O<->H O+
2 3 |
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What is the H+ molecule known as?
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hydromium ion
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Is 1 more acidic or basic?
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acidic
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