Biologically Important Molecules

Front 1

Process of making glucose (some tissues can make it from non-carbohydrate presursors like amino acids) and where it occurs.

Back 1

Gluconeogenesis; Liver and kidneys

Front 2

We also store glucose as ______ in the liver and muscle.

Back 2

Glycogen

Front 3

Both glucose and fructose are _________.

Back 3

Monosaccharides

Front 4

_____ or table sugar is made of 1 molecule of fructose plus 1 molecule of glucose and is a dissaccharide.

Back 4

Sucrose

Front 5

Lactose or milk sugar is make of galactose and glucose, thus it is a ___________.

Back 5

Dissaccharide

Front 6

_______ ________ is due to a decrease of the enzyme lactase in the gut brush border.

Back 6

Lactose intolerance

Front 7

A funtion of carbohydrates: serves as a great ____ _____.

Back 7

Fuel reserve

Front 8

In times of caloric excess we store glucose as _____ but our capacity to do this is limited.

Back 8

Glycogen

Front 9

We have about ______days of glucose stored away as glycogen.

Back 9

1-2

Front 10

Glucose is converted into ______ _______ then into ___________ where it may be transported to adipose tissue for storage.

Back 10

Fatty acids; triglycerides

Front 11

The term for glucose inclusion in proteins:

Back 11

Glycoprotein

Front 12

When glucose sticks onto proteins and glycates or glycosylates them, changing their function.

Back 12

Glucose toxicity

Front 13

There are __ naturally occurring polymers of amino acids.

Back 13

20

Front 14

Most amino acids end in which suffix?

Back 14

-ine

Front 15

Amino acids are classified as _______ which means that the body can't synthesize them and they must be taken in by dietary means.

Back 15

Essential

Front 16

Amino acids are also classified as _________ or _______, this means taht their metabolism may contribute to the generation of either glucose or ketones.

Back 16

gluconeogenic; ketogenic

Front 17

What holds amino acids together?

Back 17

peptide linkages

Front 18

What is the process in which proteins are broken down into their constituent amino acids?

Back 18

proteolysis

Front 19

What is used clinically because it restrains proteolysis?

Back 19

glucose

Front 20

The problem of protein wasting (in catabolic states such as fever, infections, burns, AIDS, cancer) is termed _______.

Back 20

cachexia

Front 21

TRUE/FALSE:
There is storage for proteins in the same way there is for glucose and fatty acids.

Back 21

FALSE. But, it should be emphasized that the proteolysis occurring during fasting is specific in that those proteins being used are spared, at least in the short run.

Front 22

What happens to muscles and the proteins that make up that muscle if it is not used?

Back 22

atrophy (ie: an arm or leg in a cast for a long time)...therefore a muscle that is not used wastes much more rapidly.

Front 23

If amino acids are being stored in the form of proteins, a ______ nitrogen balance is occuring; if they are being catabolized, a _____ nitrogen balance is occuring.

Back 23

positive; negative

Front 24

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions are called....?

Back 24

enzymes

Front 25

______lower the energy of activation and allows a reaction to proceed faster and at rates compatible with survival.

Back 25

Enzymes

Front 26

When cells are damaged, the enzymes leak out and can be measured in ______.

Back 26

plasma

Front 27

What enzyme levels increase under conditions such as prostate cancer or liver damage?

Back 27

acid or alkaline phosphatases

Front 28

What defect or absence of this gene results in the failure of immune cells to mature? (It also was the subject of the first gene tx trials and showed some success.)

Back 28

adenosine deaminase or "boy in the bubble"

Front 29

What enzymes are inducible by many drugs, alcohol, barbiturates, and herbal supplements?

Back 29

microsomal enzymes

Front 30

Name an important microsomal enzyme.

Back 30

Cytochrome p450

Front 31

What enzyme makes DNA from RNA and is used primarily by the AIDS virus?

Back 31

reverse transcriptase

Front 32

_____ enzymes help to assemble viruses and ______ inhibitors are used to prevent viral duplication.

Back 32

protease

Front 33

This hormone, along with insulin and glucagon, is protein or polypeptide in nature and reminds us why we should only by organic milk!

Back 33

GH (growth hormone is now made synthetically and is used to increase milk production in cows and linear growth in humans)

Front 34

GH is also called _________.

Back 34

somatotropin

Front 35

Hormone _________ are protein or glycoprotein in nature and possess what are referred to as memebrane spanning regions.

Back 35

receptors

Front 36

An important example of hormone receptors is ________.

Back 36

insulin receptor (IR)

Front 37

_______ resistance is in part due to a decrease in IR numbers.

Back 37

Insulin

Front 38

Give 2 blood group antigens.

Back 38

ABO and Rh factor

Front 39

The HLA system is composed of which antigens (Ags)?

Back 39

Class I and II

Front 40

Name a common marker that is used clinically.

Back 40

prostate specific antigen

Front 41

________ are either embedded in cell membranes or are free floating proteins.

Back 41

Antibodies (Abs)

Front 42

The ability of maintain vascular integrity depends upon the proper function of ________.

Back 42

clotting factors

Front 43

In some males a defect in their synthesis or stability leasd to ________ (factor VIII is a classic example).

Back 43

hemophilia

Front 44

_________ include actin, myosin, tropomyosin and troponin in muscle.

Back 44

Structural proteins

Front 45

Water insoluble organic compounds that can be extracted using nonpolar solvents like ether or benzene.

Back 45

lipids

Front 46

What is the difference in how you would denote a saturated fatty acid vs. an unsaturated fatty acid?

Back 46

saturated: C--C (one pair of electrons shared between carbons)
unsaturated: C==C (more than one pair of electrons shared between carbons)

Front 47

Name 3 common fatty acids:

Back 47

palmitic (C14), oleic (C16), and stearic (C18) acids

Front 48

What is the term used to describe an increase fat in stool, often due to gall bladder disease?

Back 48

steatorrhea

Front 49

Under normal conditions, about what percentage of the energy expended by the heart or muscles comes from fatty acids?

Back 49

70%

Front 50

What is the term from 3 fatty acids coupled to a glycerol backbone?

Back 50

triacylglycerols or triglycerides (TGs)

Front 51

___________ is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis.

Back 51

Hypertriglyceridemia

Front 52

TGs are a major energy storage form and a key component of circulating _____________.

Back 52

plasma lipoproteins (ie: VLDL or chylomicrons)

Front 53

________ are composed of glycerol (to which 2 fatty acids are attached to 2 of the carbons, the third carbon has a _______ group attached to it).

Back 53

Phospholipids; phosphate

Front 54

Name 3 common phosphate group compounds.

Back 54

serine (now called phosphatidylserine), choline (phosphatidylcholine), and inositol (phosphatidyinositol)

Front 55

The hydrolysis or breakdown of phospholipids is in many cases coupled to receptors for certain hormones or neurotransmitters and ther breakdown generates many ____________ within the cell.

Back 55

second messengers

Front 56

Name the two types of nucleic acids, their structure and location.

Back 56

DNA- double helix w/ base pairs, found primarily in the nucleus.
RNA- single strand, found in the nucleolus and cytoplasm.

Front 57

Where can DNA also be found within a cell?

Back 57

mitochondria (mitochndrial DNA has been used to trace our evolutionary ancestors)

Front 58

What are the 3 major types of RNA?

Back 58

Transfer (tRNA), Messenger (mRNA), and Ribosomal (rRNA)

Front 59

All nucleic acids are composed of repeating ________ units.

Back 59

nucleotide

Front 60

Nucleotides are composed of a _____, _______, and a ______.

Back 60

base; phosphate; sugar

Front 61

Name the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA.

Back 61

DNA- deoxyribose; RNA- ribose

Front 62

Name the bases in DNA and the bases in RNA.

Back 62

DNA- adenine (thats me!! get it, aDENINE), cytosine, thymine, and guanine; RNA- adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine

Front 63

The drug AZT (axidothymidine, also called zidovudine) inhibits ___________.

Back 63

reverse transcriptase

Front 64

Acyclovir or zovirax nucleoside is an analogue for _______.

Back 64

herpes

Front 65

Mercaptopureine and cytosine arabinoside are used to treat ______.

Back 65

cancer