Biological Science Exam1

Front 1

Elements-Substances that cannot be broken down into other substances

Back 1

Atom-smallest portion of an element

Front 2

Protons-positively charged particles; located in nucleus (center) of the atom

Back 2

Neutrons-uncharged particles; located in the nucleus of the atom

Front 3

Electrons-negatively charged particles; located in energy levels outside nucleus

Back 3

AtomicNumber-# of protons in nucleus
In a neutral atom the # of electrons equal the # of protons

Front 4

Energylevels-
1st (closest) can hold 2 electrons
2nd can hold 8 electrons
3rd can hold 8 electrons
Atoms prefer to have their outer-most energy level full

Back 4

Molecule-two or more atoms covalently bonded together

Front 5

Compound-two or more elemental materials united in a definite ratio

Back 5

Electronegativity-an atom’s ability to attract electrons

Front 6

Ion-charged atoms; have unequal numbers of electrons and protons

Back 6

Isotope-atom with same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Front 7

Covalent Bond-2 or more atoms share pairs of electrons to form molecules

Back 7

Ionic Bond-attraction between oppositely charged ions

Front 8

Hydrogen Bond-forms when partial positive regions of one polar molecule are attracted to the partial negative regions of another polar molecule

Back 8

Polar Covalent Bond-atoms share electrons unequally

Front 9

Polarity-partial charges on molecules due to unequal sharing of electrons

Back 9

polarity and hydrogen bonding:
give water special properties (characteristics)
•make water a unique liquid important to living organisms

Front 10

acid- substance that causes increase of H+ ions in a solution

Back 10

Organic Molecules:
-Contain carbon and hydrogen
-Carbon provides backbone or skeleton of molecule; gives the molecule its shape which ultimately gives it its properties

Front 11

Functional Group
-Group that attaches to one of more of the carbons [replaces H] and changes the molecule’s chemical properties.
-When one or more functional groups are attached to the carbon skeleton, the nature and shape of the functional group determines most of the chemical behavior of the molecule
-Generally know as the active site of the molecule

Back 11

Four Types of Macromolecules:
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids
-Proteins
-Nucleic Acids

Hint 11

Monosaccharides -the monomers of the carbohydrages; (i.e.) glucose, fructose, ribulose

Front 12

Disaccharides -two monosaccharides bonded together; (i.e.) sucrose [glucose + fructose](carbs)

Back 12

Polysaccharides -many monosaccharide monomers bonded end to end; (i.e.) starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin(carbs)

Hint 12

roles of carbohydrates-
Energy, Storage, Structure, Protection

Front 13

Lipid Types:
•Fats -saturated and unsaturated
•Oils
•Waxes
•Stertoids -(i.e.) Cholesterol
•Phospholipids

Back 13

Role of lipids:
Energy, Long-term storage, Cell membrane structure, Protection, Insulation, Cushioning

Hint 13

Protein Levels of Structure:
•Primary structure
•Secondary structure
•Tertiary Structure
•Quaternary structure

Front 14

amino acids- monomers of proteins

Back 14

Primary Structure of a protein (polypeptide) ---Many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Hint 14

Secondary Structure of a protein ---Helix or Pleated Sheet

Front 15

Tertiary Structure of a protein---Interactions of amino acid side chains

Back 15

quaternary structure is like a heart like shape. tubes intertwining with each other.(collagen, hemoglobin)

Hint 15

roles of proteins:
Support and structure, Storage, Transport of substances, Signaling from one part of organism to another, Defense against foreign substances, Regulation of metabolism, Protection, Energy

Front 16

Parts of a Nucleotide
•Nitrogen Base -a Pryrimidine or a Purine
•5 Carbon Sugar -Ribose or Deoxyribose
•Phosphate Group

Back 16

nitrogen bases:
-purines:
adenine, guanine
-pyrimidines:
cytosine, thymine(dna only), uracil(rna only)

The 5-Carbon Sugar
•Ribose (RNA)
•Deoxyribose (DNA)

Hint 16

roles of nucleic acids-
-Store and transmit hereditary information
-Regulates cell activity.

Front 17

glucose- is sugar tha comes from starch. monossacharide, principal circulating sugar in blood, major source of energy for the body. found in animal and plant cells.

Back 17

starch- a storage molecule in plans, a polymer, made of glucose molecules joined together by 1-4 linkages that give starch a helical shape.

Hint 17

cellulose- the major component of a plant cell walls, is the most absorbant organic compound on earth.

Front 18

dioxyribonucleic acid- DNA. a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like double helix.

Back 18

ribose- a pentose sugar occurring as a component of riboflavin, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, rna

Hint 18

deoxyribose- sugar found in the side chains of DNA.

Front 19

ribonucleic acid- RNA , determinant of protein synthesis and transmission of general material.

Back 19

disaccharide- 2monosaccharides bonded together( sucrose, glucose, fructose)

Hint 19

polusaccharides- many monosaccharides monomers bonded together end to end. starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin.

Front 20

glycogen- highly branched polymer of glucose, as their energy storage form.

Back 20

concentration gradient- high concentration to low

Hint 20

diffusion- movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of those molecules to an area of lower concentration of those molecules.

Front 21

flaccid- soft and limp

turgid- inflated and overblown

Back 21

pinocytosis- cell drinking, the cell takes in liquid

phagocytosis- cell eating. cell takes in food.

Hint 21

osmosis- diffussion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration, concentrations of both sides is equal.

Front 22

2 types of cells:
Prokaryotic:
•Smaller in size -(~1-25m)
•More primitive
•Contains no true nucleus -has nuclear area (nucleoid)
•Contains no membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic:
•Larger in size -(~30-500m)
•More advanced
•Contains true nucleus
•Contains membrane-bound organelles

Back 22

The Plasma (Cell) Membrane
•All cells are surrounded by a plasma (cell) membrane.
•The major molecules that make up the membrane are phospholipids forming a bilayer (2-layer) structure with their hydrophobic (water repelling) tails pointed toward the inside of the layer.
•Other types of molecules are typically embedded within this membrane.

Hint 22

The Nucleus (or Nucleoid)
•All cells store chromatin(DNA) in a nucleus [eukaryotic only] or nuclear area [prokaryotic].
•In addition to the plasma membrane and nucleus, all cells are filled with a fluid-based matrix called the cytoplasm.

Front 23

A Typical Animal Cell
•Note the absence of a cell wall and chloroplasts.
•Even though cilia are absent in this diagram, they may be present on some animal cells.

Back 23

A Typical Plant Cell
•Note the absence of flagella and cilia (although present in some plant sperm cells).
•Even though lysosomes are absent in this diagram, they may be present in some plant cells.

Hint 23

Nucleus
- Large Oval body near the centre of the cell.
- The control centre for all activity.
- Surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Front 24

Nucleoplasm
- is the protoplasm in the nucleus.
- contains genetic material ---> CHROMOSOMES (DNA)

Back 24

Nucleolus
- is found in the nucleus.
- contains more genetic information (RNA)
-responsible for rna synthesis

Hint 24

Cell Membrane
- the outer boundary of the cell.
- it separates the cell from other cells.
- it is porous ---> allows molecules to pass through.

Front 25

Cell Wall ( Plant Cells Only )
- non living structure that surrounds the plant cell.
- protects + supports the cell.
- made up of a tough fibre called cellulose.

Back 25

CytoPlasm
- cell material outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane.
- clear thick fluid.
- contains structures called organelles.

Hint 25

Vacuoles
- are clear fluid sacs that act as storage areas for food, minerals, and waste.
- in plant cell the vacuoles are large and mostly filled with water. This gives the plant support.
- in animal cells the vacuoles are much smaller.

Front 26

Mitochondria
- power house of the cell.
- centre of respiration of the cell.
- they release energy for cell functions.

Back 26

ChloroPlasts ( Plant cells only )
- contains a green pigment known as chlorophyll which is important for photosynthesis.

Hint 26

Ribosomes
- tiny spherical bodies that help make proteins.
- found in the cyto plasm or attached to the endo plasmic reticulum.

Front 27

EndoPlasmic Reticulum ( ER )
- systems of membranes throughout the cytoplasm.
- it connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane.
- passageway for material moving though the cell.
-smooth- responsible for carbohydrate and lipid synthesis in cells.
-rough- contains ribosomes and responsible for protein synthesis.

Back 27

Golgi Bodies(apparatus)
- tube like structures that have tiny sacs at their ends.
- they help package and send protein molecules around cells when needed.

Hint 27

Lysosomes
- " suicide sacs "
- small structures that contain enzymes which are used in digestion.
- if a lysosome were to burst it could destroy the cell.

Front 28

flagella-A long, threadlike appendage, especially a whiplike extension of certain cells or unicellular organisms that functions as an organ of locomotion.

Back 28

microtubules- tube shaped protein structures that help eukaryotic cells maintain their shape and assist in forming the cell spindle during cell division. microtubules and actin filaments are the main components of the cell's supporting matrix or cytoskeleton.

Hint 28

bonding site-

Front 29

hydropholic-

Back 29

hydrophobic-

Hint 29

monomer-A molecule that can combine with others to form a polymer.

polymer-a compound formed from two or more polymeric compounds

Front 30

hypertonic-Having the higher osmotic pressure of two solutions.

Back 30

exocytosis-the transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane

Front 31

plasmolyzed- the pulling away of the plasma membrane from the cell wall as water leaves the cell shrivels.

Back 31

isotonic solution-
a solution that has the same concentration of solutes than another solution to which it’s compared

Hint 31

facilitated diffusion- involves the diffusion of polar molecules and ions across a membrane with the aid of transport proteins, either channel proteins or carrier proteins.

Front 32

•Fermentation–type of anaerobic respiration in which some cells partially break down fuel

Back 32

active transport-uses energy to move solutes against their gradients.

Hint 32

eukaryotic cells --plants, animals, fungi, algae, protozoa.

Front 33

•Anaerobe–organism which can respire anaerobically
•Obligatory anaerobe–organism which can only respire in the absence of oxygen
•Facultative anaerobe–organism which can respire anaerobically if no oxygen is present; but will respire aerobically if oxygen is available

Back 33

•In aerobic cellular respiration,glucose is broken down completely and releases more energy (up to 38 ATP’s).
•In anaerobic cellular respiration, glucose is not completely broken down. Notice in the previous slide that ethyl alcohol and lactate represent only partially broken down molecules of glucose. Since glucose is not completely broken down, the total energy that is stored in glucose is not released. Cells receive less energy from anaerobic respiration (2 ATP’s).

Hint 33

-Metabolism-the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell
•Anabolism-all cellular reactions that build complicated molecule from smaller, simple molecules
•Catabolism-all cellular reactions that break down molecules complex molecules into smaller, simpler molecules

Front 34

•Catalyst-a chemical substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being changed, used up, or becoming part of the product
•Enzyme-an organic, cellular catalyst
•Substrate -the reactant that the enzyme acts upon; will eventually become the product
•Active site-the part of the enzyme to which the substrate temporarily binds

Back 34

•Cellular Respiration –the step by step (catabolic pathway) process in which cells burn fuel to release energy
•Aerobic-requires oxygen to proceed
•Anaerobic–does not require oxygen

Hint 34

Four major sub-pathways of aerobic respiration:
•Glycolysis
•Transition Reaction
•Krebs Cycle
•Electron Transport Chain

Front 35

Aerobic Respiration vs. Combustion
Since glucose is going to be ―burned‖ in the cell to release its stored energy, it is very similar to burning fuel outside the cell (combustion).

Similarities:
both processes convert stored energy in fuel to another type of energy
both processes require input of energy to begin; combustion requires lighting the match and respiration requires input of 2 ATP’s

Back 35

Differences:
Combustionconverts its energy in the form of heat and light; respirationconverts its energy into ATP’s (can be used in cells)
Combustion occurs all in one step, releasing all its energy at once; respiration occurs in a series of steps; releasing a little energy step-by-step