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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dendrites (greek word) |
Greek word = dendron = tree Receives info from other neurons |
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Cell Body |
Maintains normal cell functions (making energy, breaking down waste) |
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Nucleus |
Contains genetic info |
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Axon |
- Transmits info to other neurons and another tissue in the body |
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Synapse |
Space between neurons where neurotransmitters pass from one neuron to another |
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Neurotransmitters |
Chemicals released into the synapse to communicate with other neurons/tissues |
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Myelin |
Insulating material covering some axons |
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Glia |
Support cells, one type forms myelin in brain and spinal cords |
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Nodes of Ranvier |
Areas between myelin where action potential are regenerated |
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Neurotransmission |
Neurons transfer info across the synapse from one to the next... |
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Action Potential |
The inside of cell becomes more positive (excitation) |
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Receptors |
Receptors on postsynaptic neuron may accept NT |
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Specificity |
Lock and key relationship with receptors and NT. If receptor accepts the NT, gates open and let in positively charged particles |
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The neurotransmitter will either be ________ or will _______ |
inactivated and broken down by an enzyme or will participate in reuptake |
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Botox |
- Toxin produced by a bacteria often found in spoiled meat - Gets inside neurons and stops them from releasing NT - Muscles don't contract (can't move=can't wrinkle) |
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Alcohol |
- Binds to receptors in the brain and inhibits AP - Contributes to blurred vision, impaired motor skills and reaction time, diminished inhibitions... |
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Depression |
- 1 in 5 women - 1 in 10 men - Deficit in production or release of a NT called serotonin - Often treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - Prozac, Lexapro, Paxil, Effexor |
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Acetylcholine (Ach) |
- Motor Function (neuromuscular junction) - Learning and memory - cholinergic drugs - Alzheimer's Disease - cholinergic drugs enhance cholinergic binding (prevent Ach binding) |
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Cholinergic Drugs |
- Nicotine increases cholinergic binding - Curare, Botox, and nerve gases (sarin, soman, tabun) decrease cholinergic binding; paralysis |
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Dopamine (DA) |
- Motion and Motor Control - Reward (Sex, Drugs, RocknRoll) - Cocaine and Amphetamines Increase dopaminergic activity at synapse - Parkinson's Disease |
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Parkinson's Disease |
Destruction of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra - L-DOPA precursor helps by making more dopamine - Deep Brain Stimulation |
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Norepinephrine (NE) |
- Arousal and Alertness - Attention and Vigilance - Amphetamine - Some new class anti-depressants (wellbutrin, Effexor, Remeron) also enhance NE activity |
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Amphetamine |
Increases NE activity |
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Serotonin (5-HT) |
- Synthesized from tryptophan - Regulates sleep, appetite, and mood - Anxiety, depression, over-eating, aggression |
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Drugs that increase serotonergic activity |
- Anti-depressants (SSRIs) - Psychedelics -LSD, Psilocybin "magic mushrooms" - Complex interaction between 5-HT and DA) |
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Endorphins |
- Endogenous Morphine - Opiate Drugs |
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Endogenous Morphine |
- Modifies our natural response to pain - Injuries or high levels of activity - Adaptive |
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Opiate Drugs |
- Morphine - Heroin - Oxycontin - Similar chemical structure |
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Brain |
- 2% of body weight - 20% of blood supply - Well Protected by: - Meninges - Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - Spinal tap, Hydrocephalus |
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Medulla |
- Breathing, heart rate, maintaining upright position (balance) |
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Pons |
Sleep, arousal, facial expression |
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Cerebellum |
- "little brain" - Motor function - Balance - Motor Coordination (first brainstem affected by alcohol) |
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Midbrain |
- Lies above the pons - Sensory reflexes, movement, pain - Substantia nigra (DA neurons) - Reticular formation (mood, arousal, sleep) |
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Subcortical Structures |
- Hypothalamus - Thalamus - Hippocampus - Amygdala - Basal Ganglia |
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Hypothalamus |
- Master regulator |
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Thalamus |
- Gateway to Cortex |
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Hippocampus |
- Declarative memory acquisition - Patient H.M - Couldn't form new memories |
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Amygdala |
Processing fear and aggression - S.M |
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Basal Ganglia |
- Initiation of planned movement - Huntington disease (can't stop moving) |
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Corpus Callosum |
- Sits above the thalamus - Thick band of axons - Connects right and left cerebral hemispheres - Allows for communication across hemispheres - perceive as one |
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Cerebral Cortex |
- Thin layer of cells on outer surface of brain - Degree of convolutions predicts intellect |
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Frontal lobe |
Complex cognitive processes - Broca's Area - Prefrontal Cortex |
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Broca's Area |
- Language production - Damage = difficulty producing words |
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Prefrontal Cortex |
- Judgement, planning of behavior, attention |
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Occipital Lobe |
- Primary visual cortex - Processing basic visual input - Blindsight (process visual info without actually seeing anything) |
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Temporal Lobe |
- Primary auditory cortex - process incoming sounds - Wernicke's area - Higher visual system tasks = object and facial recognition |
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Wernicke's Area |
- Language comprehension - Damage = nonsensical speech |
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Parietal Lobe |
- Primary somatosensory cortex |
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
- Processing sensory info - Touch, pain, temp, body position - Damage = Neglect syndrome - people may not perceive part of the body or visual field |
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Lateralization |
- Localization of function to one hemisphere - process right info in left hemisphere |
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Function of Lateralization |
- Possibly provides ability to multitask? - Advantages in combat? - Made language possible? - Made us more susceptible to pathology? |
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Phineas Gage |
- Railroad worker who had a large iron rod driven completely through his head destroying the frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex) - Was irritable, aggressive, immature |
