Biological Organization Dat

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prokaryote 3 common shapes

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coccus, bacilli, spiral

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in hypertonic cdns, cell wall...

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plasmolyze
cells lose water and shrink away from cell wall

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plasmolyze

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in hypertonic cdns, cells lose water and shrink away from cell wall

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peptidogylcan

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network of modified- sugar polymers crosslinked by polypeptides
in bacterial cell walls
archeans' cell walls lack

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Gram + bacteria

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cell wall with large amount of peptidoglycan

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gram - bacteria

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has peptidoglycan with outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides < usually toxic
outer membrane protects < makes more resistant to antibiotics

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capsule

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sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein
enables prokaryote to adhere to substrate
protects from attacks

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fimbriae

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hairlike appendages
allow prokaryotes to stick to substrate
numerous and shorter than pili

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pili

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hairlike appendages
allow prokaryotes to stick to substrate

link prokaryotes during conjugation (DNA transfers to another cell)

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taxis

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movement toward(+) or away (-)from stimulus

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nucleoid region

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part of cytoplasm where prokaryote chromo is kept

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plasmid

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prokaryotes
small ring of DNA with a few genes
replicate ind of main chromo

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endospores

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resistant cells
form when nutrient lacking in envir
chromo copy is surrounded by tough coat, dehydrated

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anaerobic respiration

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extract chem energy, substances other than O2 accept electrons at end of electron transport chain
obligate anaerobes

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nitrogen fixation

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cyranobacteria convert atm nitrogen N2 > ammonia NH3

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heterocysts

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specialized cells carry out nitrogen fixation
surrounded by thick cell wall to prevent 2 entry from neighbouring photosynthetic cells

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biofilms

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surface-coating colony of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation

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extremophiles

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archea: species live in extrem enviros
heat, pressure, pH, salt, mathanogens

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thermophiles

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archea live in very hot enviros

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halophiles

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archea live in highly saline enviro

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methanogens

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use CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing methane as waste product
poisioned by O2

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exotoxins

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proteins secreted by prokaryotes
produces symptoms even in absence of prokaroye

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endotoxins

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lipopolysaccharide component of outer membrane of gram - bacteria
released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down

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horizontal gene transfer

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can spread genes associated with virulence, turning harmless prokaryotes > fatal pathogensis any process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism

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bioremediation

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use of org to remove pollutants

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taxonomy

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ordered division of org into categories based on characteristics used to assess simlarities/ diffs
branch of biol deals with naming/ classifying diverse forms of life

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phylogeny

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evolutionary relationships

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systematics

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study of evolutionary relationships among org

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flagella of prokaryotes consists of the protein _

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flagellin

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flagella and cilia of eukaryotes are made of _

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tublin arranged in 9 + 2 microtubule array

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chemoautotrophs

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energy from inorgan substances

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Archael cell walls contain _ but not ___

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various polysaccharies

do not have peptidogylcans, callulose or chitin

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Archaea plasma membranes differ because _

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phospholipids attach to glycerol by ether linkage
HC chains are branches

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bacteriorhodopsin

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protein used by archaea, most notably halobacteria.
acts as a proton pump, i.e. it captures light energy and uses it to move protons across the membrane out of the cell. The resulting proton gradient is subsequently converted into chemical energy
(photosythetic) anaerobes

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cyranobacteria

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photosynthetic
use chlorophyll a to capture light energy, splitting H20 and releaseing 02
have heterocysts that nitrogen-fix
have acessory pigments; phycobilins

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phycobilins

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are chromophores (light-capturing molecules) found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae

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apical end

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leading end

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pellicles

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thin proteins strips that wrap over cell membrane of Euglenoids
- no cell wall

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isogamous gametes

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both sperm and egg are equal in size and motility

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anisogamous

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sperm and egg differ in size

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apex

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end of cell

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cellular slime molds

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spores germinate into amoebas which feed on bacteria
amoebas aggregate into single unit when food source depleted

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plasmodial slime mold

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grow as single plasmodium mass that feeds on decaying vegetation
stalks with spore capsules form when food depleted, haploid spores released > haploid amoeboid or flagellated cells which fuse > diploid cell > plasmodium

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hypae

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filaments that secrete enzymes that digest surrounding substances

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coenocytic

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lack septa/ cross walls
many nuclei within single cell

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mycellium

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ass of hypae

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chitin

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nitrogen-containing polysaccharide
in fungi cell walls

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haustoria

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hypae of parasitic fungi that penetrate host

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plasmogamy

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fusing of cells from 2 diff fungal strains > single cell
dikaryon - nuceli from each cell

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karyogamy

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fusion of 2 haploid nuclei of dikaryon > single diploid nucleus

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sporangiospores are produced _ in _ on

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in saclike capsules ( sporangia) that are on stalk (sporangophore)

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conidiophores

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hypae bearing conidia at the tips of specialized hypae

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mycorrhizae

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fungus-root relationship
plant provides carbs and fungus increase plants ability to absorb nutrients

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Ascomycota

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unlike hypae strains plasmogamy > dikaryotic > meoisis > 4 haploid ascopores in ascus sac
sacus in fruit body (ascocarp)
haploid ascospores combine sexually

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basidiomycota

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plasmogamy between 2 unlike hypae > dikaryotic > basidiocarp fruiting body
karyogamy occurs in basidia > meiosis > 4 haploid basidiospores

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lichens

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fungi and algae
algae provides sugar from photsynthesis, sometimes N
fungi provides water and protection

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deciduous

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trees shed leaves to minimize h20 oss during slow growing seasons

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gametes of bryophytes are produced in _ ...

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gametangia on surface of gametophyte

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gametophyte

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dominant haploid stage of life cycle of byrophytes

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antheridium

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male gametangium of bryophytes, produces sperm that swim to female gametangium ( archegonium)

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archegonium

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female gametangium of byrophyes
where eggs are