Biological Foundations Of Behavior

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Biological Foundations of Behavior

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Physiological Psychology”

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The Neuron

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The elementary unit of the nervous system, called the nerve cell. The nervous system contains 10-100 billion. There are many types of nerve cells. Nerve cells do not reproduce. Neurons do die. Humans loose 10,000 each day and that number increases with age.

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Three Basic Structure Units in the Neuron

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Soma
Dendrites
Axon

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Soma

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Cell body; contains the nucleus; controls all cellular activities oxygen utilization and energy production.

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Dendrites

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Short fibers extending from the soma; they are receiving stations picking up signals.

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neurotransmitters

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releases chemical transmitter substances

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Action Potentials

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generate and transmit nerve signals; called impulse; they occur even when nothing is happening = Base Rate of Firing Anything below the base rate is not acted upon and anything above it is acted upon.

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The space between the neurons

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synapse= Synaptic spaces

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Nervous system divided into

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1. Central Nervous System =
a) Brain
b) Spinal Cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System

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Peripheral Nervous System

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All the nerves connecting the muscles, glands, and sensory receptors with the CNS. Relays information in and out

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clusters

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Somas cluster together
Axons cluster together

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Peripheral Nervous System is divided into

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A)Somatic Nervous System – consists of
1.Cranial Nerves – 12 pairs at the brain
2.Spinal Nerves – 31 pairs in the spinal cord

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Cranial Nerves

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a) Carry Sensory information into the brain = sensory = afferent nerves IN
b) Carry information out of the brain = motor = efferent nerves OUT
c) Mixed Nerves – both sensory and motor

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Spinal Nerves

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a) Dorsal Root = Sensory fibers enter damage – no feeling
b) Ventral Root = motor fibers leaving damage – paralysis

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reflexive behaviors are...

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functions of the spinal cord

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Autonomic Nervous System – divided into

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Sympathetic System –
Parasympathetic System

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Sympathetic System –

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speeds up emergencies (adrenaline)

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Parasympathetic System

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slows down, digestion, energy,, conservation

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Brain 3-parts (bottom to up)

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1) Hindbrain
2) Midbrain
3) Forebrain

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Dorsal Root

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Sensory fibers enter
if damage – no feeling

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Ventral Root

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motor fibers leaving
if damage – paralysis

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Hindbrain

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i. Medulla
ii. Pans
iii. Cerebellum

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Medulla

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lies closest to the spinal cord controls - heart rate respiration

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Pans

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Function respiration, body movement

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Cerebellum

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– two large connected lobes – motor- body movement if damaged disturbance of balance movement and muscle tone

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Midbrain made up of...

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i. Reticular Formation-
ii. Colliculi-

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Reticular Formation-

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- Function Sleep, wakefulness, attention. Damage – permanent comatose (Drugs and alcohol work on this area)

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Colliculi-

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4 bumps
1. Superior(x2)– visual
2. Inferior(x2)– auditory

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Forebrain made up of...

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i. Diencephalons
ii. Telencephalon

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Diencephalons is divided into

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Hypothalamus – small
Thalamus– Visual

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Hypothalamus functions are..

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eating, drinking, sexual behavior, reproductive sysles, activity cycles, temperature regulation, sleep, aggression, hormonal secretion

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Thalamus functions are....

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relay for visual auditory touch position, sleep and attention

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Telencephalon is divided into

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1. Basal Ganglia Ganglia
2. Corpus Callosum
3. Cerebral Cortex

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Basal Ganglia

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nuclei buried deep within the cerebral hemisphere; Function – control of movement : degeneration Parkinson’s (muscles )Huntington Chorea

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Corpus Callosum

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Major communication link between the two cerebral hemispheres(R&L); surgical severing of them Split brain operation

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Cerebral Cortex

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Largest and most prominent part in the higher mammals ; highly convoluted(has bumps) fissures to increase the surface area. Fewer fissures in lower animals; right side of the body is controlled by the left side of the brain, and the left side of the body is controlled by the right side of the brain.

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Motor Cortex function is...

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Function- control of movement, muscle tone, fine and skilled movement; voluntary muscles; Localization of Function = each function has a specific area for that function the finer the degree of control

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Sensory Cortex function is...

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Receiving station for the sensory system vision auditory and somthesis; Topographic Organization. Each receptor and function has a specific point of area. (colors)

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Association Cortex function is....

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Largest part in humans; more complex forms of behavior; dominant or left hemisphere, thinking reasoning math science right hemisphere art music creativity. Attention; humans have most; the more association cortex more learning ability

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The Limbic System

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Not in a specific area
Circuit, flows, covering many areas
Functions - motivation emotion eating, drinking, aggression, memory
Damages – docility(no emotions), emotional changes, short memory, depression
Produces extremely pleasurable sensation
*Deteriorates due to alcohol and drugs.

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The Endocrine System

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Consists of 7 endocrine glands
Located throughout the body
They are organs that secret certain chemicals called, hormones into general circulation blood stream
Hormones Chemical messages affecting organs

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Pituitary Gland

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master gland; controls the activity of the other endocrine glands, Increases energy productions

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The Thyroid Gland

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located in the neck; function - metamorphosis, growth; underproduction during dev-cretinism = dwarfism and retardation. Runs on Iodine, lack of Iodine can cause bumps, weight gain, and tiredness.

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Adrenal Glands

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= located above the kidneys; 2 distinct parts; Function- side one :prepare the body for emergencies, natural steroids, side two :metabolizing carbohydrates, balance of sodium and potassium

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Gonads

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glands = ovaries and testies; Function – sexual cycles, sexual characteristics, mating, reproduction, uterus

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Behavioral Genetics

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Concerned with the effects of heredity(genetics) and the effects of environment on behavior; Genetics began with Sir Frances Galton (wanted to find out where geniuses comes from); behaviors are determined by interacting genetics and environmental factors

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Genetic Structures

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Parents transmit genes containing DNA; the genes are on the Chromosomes with in the nucleus of the cell; each chromosomes has a large number of genes; 1 million. Sperm and Ova provide 23 chromosomes each; 46. One chromosome in a pair coming from mother and one from the father = 23 pairs; one will be dominate and one recessive

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Cells multiply through the process of

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cell division

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Mitosis

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Autosomes (regular cells) – Pairs 1-22 regular cells

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2) Meiosis –

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Sex Cells – Pair 23

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In Pair 23 gender is determined by the______
a) Mother
b)Father

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b)Father

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XX -
a)Female
b)Male

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a)Female

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XY -
a)Female
b)Male

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b)Male

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Identical Twins

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come from 1 ova 1 sperm; 100% identical heredity; called monozygotic

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Fraternal Twins

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come from 2 ova and 2 sperm; have 50% heredity shared; called dyzgotic

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DNA =

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genetic material that carries the heredity; creates more DNA and RNA = which syntheses protein to give energy: DNA directs the course of development

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Dominate Genes

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the expresses characteristic = phenotype – need only one to be expressed

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Recessive Genes

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are carried, not expressed, need two to be expressed

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Genetic methods For Humans –

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Twin comparisons – compare sets of identical twins vs. fraternal twins
Family correlations – similarities from % on a particular trait between different family members
Adoption studies - Genetics vs. environment

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Genetic methods For Animals

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Selective Breeding = quantity of a trait
Inbred Strains = mating related animals

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EEG

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– Electrical recording of the brain; called electroencephalogram.

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EKG

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Electrical recording of the heart;

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Genetics vs. Environment

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1) Both are interrelated in behavior, making it hard to separate them
Genetics – gives you all your potential and limitations; set at the moment of conception
Environment – helps or hinders the bringing out of it; Good environment increases your potential coming out. Bad environment stifles
2) Both are essential
Irrespective of which might be more important, we can only change environment; concentrate on what can be changed.