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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Principles of Growth
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1. Development is directional
-cephalocaudal: head to foot -proximodistal: center of body outward 2. Development proceeds from basic to specialized 3. Development proceeds in order of importance 4. Canalization -development tends to follow and return to a normative course |
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Prenatal growth
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Reflected as weight per gestational age
-AGA: weight b/w 10-90% for GA -SGA: weight below 10% for GA -LGA: weight above 90% for GA Mediated by maternal nutrition and growth factors |
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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
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Failure of the fetus to attain its pre-determined growth potential (similar to SGA)
-affects 1-3% of pregnancies -poor maternal nutrition, lack of adequate oxygen to fetus |
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Asymmetric IUGR
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Restriction of weight, followed by length
-head develops at normal rate (head sparing) -usually develops later in pregnancy |
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Symmetric IUGR
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Restriction of overall growth- no head sparing
-less common and higher risk -usually begins in early pregnancy |
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Baker/Thrifty hypothesis
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IUGR and/or low birth weight is associated with increased risk of later health problems via prenatal programming
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Infant growth
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Period of rapid, decelerating physical growth
-1st 2 years infants have a "catch-up" or "catch-down" to est. growth -growth over 1st 12 months is related to nutrition |
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Childhood growth
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Rate of growth slows from infancy to early childhood
-"steady" growth -dependent on growth hormones and thyroid hormones - bones undergo remodeling -minimal sex differences in growth until onset of puberty |
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Puberty
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Period when an individual becomes capable of sexually reproducing
-rapid growth in height and weight -changes in body composition -development of primary sex characteristics -development of secondary sex characteristics -changes in circulatory and respiratory systems -muscle grows faster in boys -body fat increases in girls -growth spurt slows after puberty- flattens at 20 for boys, 16-18 for girls |
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Endocrine system
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Composed of glands that produce and secrete hormones
Regulates body energy levels, reproduction, growth/development and maintains homeostasis |
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Hypothalamus and pituitary
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Hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (not part of the brain)
-pit. is inhibited or stimulated by the hypot. -when levels of hormones rise above/fall below a set point, secretion decreases/increases; "feedback loop" |
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HPT Axis
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
Thyroid -controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins and how sensitive the body is to other hormones Thyroid hormones -control cell migration and layering pattern prenatally -contributes to dentritic development -contributes to myleination -essential for development of skeletal, muscular and nervous systems |
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HPT Axis- Congenital hypothyroidism
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Thyroid hormone deficiency at birth, resulting in problems in physical growth and brain development, including mental retardation
-iodine deficiency during pregnancy or unknown cause -treated with daily dose of thyroid hormones Symtoms -excessive sleeping -reduced feeding -jaundice -low or hoarse cry -low body temp |
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HPS/Growth Axis
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotrope axis
Somatotropes -cells in the anterior (front) pituitary that produce growth hormone; secretes in a pulsatile (spiked) manner (usually at night) Growth hormone -anabolic effect on tissues of the body -increases linear height -increases insulin-like growth factor production --> bone growth -important for growth of all body tissues EXCEPT CNS and genitals -increased levels during puberty |
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HPS Axis- Short stature
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Height 2 deviations below what is expected for age and sex
Causes: Achondroplasia (dwarfism) -autosomal dominant genetic disorder or sporadic mutation resulting in disproportionate growth -mutation in growth factor receptor, causing abnormal cartilage formation Growth hormone deficiency -insufficient growth hormone produced -tiny overall, still proportionate -caused by many factors -can be treated with Human Growth Hormone; used as a "catch-up" -those without a deficiency, but still use HGH, can cause headaches/broken bones (unaware of later consequences still); societal influences! |
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HPS Axis- Gigantism
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Excessive growth and height above average, caused by over-production of growth hormone in childhood
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HPG Axis
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
Gonads -testes, ovaries; release sex hormones -important for pubertal development and maintaining bone balance/peak mass Androgens: males > females Estrogens: females > males Gonadarche -increasing HPG activity, ending with the attainment of reproductive competence GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus have pulsatile activity -minimal in pre-puberty -responsible for primary and secondary sex characteristic changes -influence reproductive behavior |
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HPG Axis- Disorders
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Kallmann syndrome
-GnRH deficiency, resulting in failure to start or complete puberty Precocious puberty -puberty occurring at an early age; can be cause by early GnRH activity |
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HPA Axis
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adreanal axis
Adrenals -the adrenal gland releases hormones in response to stress and also produces androgens Adrenarche -maturation of the adrenal glands -starts earlier than gonadarche -stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics -increases responsitivity to stress |
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Sleep
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A state that the brain actively produces
-reduced motor activity -reduced response to stimulation -stereotypic posture -relatively easy reversibility Polysomnography -sleep study which monitors the brain, eye movements, muscle activity, heart rhythm, etc |
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Sleep- Stage 1
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"Drowsy sleep"
What? -transition into sleep from quiet wakefulness Body? -lose some muscle tone; lose most conscious awareness of external movement; hypnic jerks present EEG? -transition from alpha (awake) to theta (S1) waves |
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Sleep- Stage 2
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"Light sleep"
What? -transition into light sleep Body? -muscular activity decreases; conscious awareness of external movement disappears EEG? -theta waves; K-Complex & Sleep Spindle |
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Sleep- Stage 3
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"Deep/slow-wave sleep"
What? -slow-wave sleep Body? -slow heart rate and breathing rate; difficult to awaken EEG? -slow, large amplitude delta waves Stage where sleep-walking can occur -arise from slow-wave sleep to perform activity -1 out of 4 people -dont usually have memory of event Sleep Inertia -decline in motor activity and feeling of grogginess following an abrupt wakening; most intense in this stage |
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Fatal Familial Insomnia
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Rare autosomal dominant inherited disease in which individuals eventually cannot go past S1 sleep during sleep cycle
-eats away at thalamus -"jams" at awake position -inability to sleep -develops suddenly -no treatment |
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Rem vs NREM sleep
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REM
-periods characterized by rapid eye movements during sleep -EEG waves are irregular, looks like alpha waves during awake stage -most muscles are paralyzed -harder to arouse -brain activity increases to waking levels -most memorable dreams occur -increases in neuronal activity in reticular formation/limbic system -decrease activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex NREM -stages S1-S3; all other but REM |
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Sleep cycle
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S1-->S2-->S3-->S2-->REM
-more slow-wave sleep earlier in the night -more REM sleep in cycles before waking Transition into sleep results from changes in activity of thalamocortical neurons -filter sensory input |
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Circadian rhythm
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Biological rhythm which has
1. a specific period: 24 hours 2. Endogenous: persists in the absence of external cues 3. Entrainable: can be adjusted to match local time 4. is maintained over a range of temps Zeitgeber -any stimulus that can reset the circadian rhythm |
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Kleine-Levin syndrome
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Neurological disorder characterized by recurring periods of excessive amounts of sleep and eatings
-more than 2 months -"sleeping beauty syndrome" -wide spread dysfunction |
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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Part of the anterior hypothalamus and the main control center of the circadian rhythms for sleep
-located above the optic chiasm -SCN cells fire in a rhythmic pattern -damage to the SCN causes less consistent body rhythms that are no longer synchronized to environmental patterns of light and dark -light resets the SCN via the retinohypothalamic path |
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Retinohypothalamic path
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Important for tracking environmental cues in the SCN
Comes from retinal ganglion cells called ipRGC's -contain their own photopigment called melanopsin -respond directly to light, no input from rods or cones -axons travel directly from retina to SCN |
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Pineal gland and melatonin
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The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which is synthesized from serotonin to increase sleepiness
-SCN regulates waking/sleeping by controlling activity in the pineal gland (endocrine gland; posterior to the thalamus) -peaks at night |
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Non-24 hour sleep-wake syndrome
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Period of peak alertness moves around the clock from day to day
-out-of-sync body clock; disrupted circadian rhythm -occurs in about 1/2 of all blind people, due not non-syncronizing of external light cues |
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Adenosine
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Neurotransmitter that inhibits many processes associated with wakefulness
-increase over the day and accumulate in specific brain regions during wakefulness -high levels = sleepiness -decline during periods of sleep -caffeine blocks adenosine receptors in the CNS |
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REM behavior sleep disorder
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Abnormal behavior during REM sleep, involving acting out dreams
-partner is at risk of injury -cant control movements -common in older people -treatment with melatonin |
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Arousal systems
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1. Reticular formation
-activity increases REM-off neurons 2. Posterior (back) hypothalamus -histamine activates cortical neurons Orexin -also called hypocretin -neurotransmitter released from lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus that is responsible for staying awake |
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Narcolepsy
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Destruction of orexin producing neurons
1. severe daytime sleepiness 2. loss of muscle tone during wakefulness (cataplexy) 3. sleep paralysis 4. dream-like hallucinations -big risk of injury -no warning -treatment includes CNS stimulant or scheduled naps |
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Theories of sleep
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Recuperation theory
-being awake disrupts the homeostasis of the body and sleep is required to restore it Adaptation theory -sleep is not a reaction to the disruptive effect of being awake, but the result of an internal 24 hour timing mechanism |
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Delayed phase shift disorder
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Chronic inability to fall asleep and wake at desired clock time
-consistency in late fall asleep time, due to preference in sleep time shifting over adolescence -excessive daytime sleepiness -impaired functioning related to sleep disturbance -occurs in adolescence |
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Sleep deprivation effects
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Moderate sleep
-increased sleepiness -negative affect of mood -poor vigilance performance REM sleep -rebound Long-term -more efficient sleep, more time in slow-wave sleep |
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What is emotion?
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1. Appraisal
-assessment of the nature of a situation that may elicit emotion 2. Physiological response -bodily sensations associated with arousal state 3. Action tendencies -motivation to prepare motor actions 4. Expression -outward facial, body and vocal signs that signal emotional reaction and future intentions 5. Feelings -one's own subjective experience of the emotional state Used for: communication, social affiliation, attention, learning and memory |
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Views on emotion
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1. Universal emotion
-6 basic categories: angry, scared, surprised, disgusted, happy and sad -culturally universal, although expressions may not be identical 2. Emotion as a continuum -2 dimensions: valence (pleasant to unpleasant) & arousal (mild to intense) 3. Somatic marker hypothesis -emotion as a navigational aid in decision-making -marker of valence and intensity -conscious awareness of emotion follows from the physiological response -gut feelings |
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Amygdala lesions
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Later/adult lesions
-lack of fear response to threatening stimuli and increase social affiliation Earlier/child lesions -lack of fear response to threatening stimuli and increased fear in social affiliations |
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Connections between amygdala and treatment
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Less amygdala reactivity and larger anterior cingulate gyrus activity --> better treatment success
Higher white matter connectivity between amygdala and ventral prefrontal cortex --> lowest anxiety |
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Phineas Gage
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Injury to his orbitofrontal cortex led to behavioral disinhibition
-emotional outbursts, rudeness, profanity, illogical Damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (center of the orbiotofrontal cortex) results in a lack of physiological responses to emotional stimuli & their subjective psychological responses |
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Frontal leukotomy (lobotomy)
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Disconnects the inferior frontal cortex from communication with other brain regions, including the amygdala
-results in reduced emotionality, including complete lack of emotion in some cases -apathy, no sensation of emotion, no facial expression- despite all knowledge that they should have an emotion! |
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Psychopathy
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Personality disorder characterized by:
1. callousness 2. proneness to boredom 3. poor behavioral control (impulsivity) 4. antisosical behavior (theft, arson, bullying) -often charming and sociable, but have difficulty maintaining relationships due to manipulative, cruel behavior -commit a disproportionate amount of crime, lack loyalty, are undisturbed by confrontation, fail societal obligations -due to disruptions of orbitofrontal and amygdala functions |
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Psychopathy and reward
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Wisconsin card sorting
-difficulty changing to a new rule; perseverate Show more errors when switching rules (set shifting), associated with the orbitofrontal cortex Also show perseveration of high risk choices in gambling games; impulsivity Increased dopamine activity |
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Childhood psychopathy
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Psychopathic tendencies include:
1. antisocial behavior/impulsivity -quick to anger, hostile attribution bias, risk-taking 2. callous/unemotional behavior -bullying, intimidation, cruelty to animals, fights, manipulative |
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Autism
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Pervasive developmental disorder characterized by:
1. deficits in language 2. presence of stereotypical or repetitive behaviors 3. social impairments -infants lack social smiling -impaired eye contact -limited imitation -lack of pretend play -lack of empathy- unable to understand |
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Mirror neurons
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Neurons that fire when we perform a specific action or watch someone else perform an action
-involved with imitating others, empathy and perception of other's intentions |
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Mu wave activity in Autism
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Activity is suppressed when PERFORMING a motor action
-true for BOTH typical and autistic kids Children with Autism DO NOT suppress activity when OBSERVING an action, suggesting dysfunction of mirror neurons |
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Stress
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Homeostasis
-physiological functions such as temp, oxygenation and glucose level are close to ideal Stressor -something in the environment that tilts our system out of homeostasis Stress response -series of physiological and metabolic processes that occur in attempt to establish homeostasis -alters/transfers hormone and energy levels |
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SAM system
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Sympathetic-adrenomedullary system
Fast pathway; adrenaline rush; prepares body for sudden burst of activity 1. brain (hypothalamus) sends a neural message though the spinal cord 2. sympathetic system of the spinal cord is activated to stimulate the adrenal gland 3. adrenal medulla (inside) releases epinephrine into the circulatory system 4. epinephrine activates the body's cells, endocrine glands and brain |
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HPA system
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system
Slow pathway; glucocorticoids; prepares body for longer-lasting adaptations and restoration of cells 1. hypothalamus releases CRH into the pituitary gland 2. pituitary gland releases ACTH, which acts on the adrenal gland 3. adrenal cortex (outside) releases cortisol into the circulatory system 4. cortisol activates the body's cells, endocrine glands and brain |
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Effects of epinephrine (adrenaline)
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Immediate
-reduced pain sensitivity -increased blood clotting -increased blow flow to muscles -increased oxygen intake -increased arousal or alerting Chronic -increased blood pressure, damage to vessels/hardening of arteries |
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Effects of cortisol
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Immediate
-reduced digestion -reduced insulin -reduced activity to reproductive organs -inhibition of immune system Chronic -immune suppression -abnormal responsiveness of cortisol system (circadian rhythm) -increased abdominal fat, loss of muscle and bone |
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Ending a stress response
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Normally, stress responses are short-lived
Feedback loops shut it off Signals from the hippocampus may be important for signaling hypothalamus to stop Normal stress is good; challenges our body to deal with stressor If stress is chronic, then effects of HPA may be prolonged, causing cell death, damage to brain/organs and lower hippocampal volume |
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Daily cortisol rhythm
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Follows a circadian rhythm
Linked to sleep/wake cycle and light/dark cycle Peaks just after waking (7 am) with a minimum around night time |
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Stress in early rodent development
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Hypo-responsive period
-period when the pup is highly buffered from stress, controlled by stimulation from the mother Disturbing the nest in ways the enhance maternal behavior results in stress resilient offspring (short-term stress) -high threshold for perceiving threat, sensitive to safety cues, optimistic, confident Disturbing the nest in ways that disorganize maternal behavior results in stress vulnerable offspring (prolonged stress) -low threshold for perceiving threat, vigilant, sensitive to danger cues, defensive, worry |
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Stress and child care
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Higher cortisol levels = low sensitive/responsive babysitters
Preschool stress -morning stress levels are the same at home and school -afternoon levels are elevated at school -toddlers show biggest effect; not shutting off during the day Higher quality daycare = lower cortisol levels |
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Immune system
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Functions to protect us from infection by pathogens; constantly active
Cells are derived from white blood cells called leukocytes -produced and stored in bone marrow then travel to the spleen and thymus gland (all known as lymphoid organs) Clumps of tissue that house white blood cells are called lymph nodes |
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Phagocytes
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White blood cells that ingest and destroy bacteria, foreign particles and other cells
-if someone has an infection, there would be an increase of phagocytes in the blood |
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Lymphocytes
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White blood cells that function by recognizing and deactivating foreign substances
-remember previous invaders, and send out counteractive measures -types include T & B lymphocytes |
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Innate immune response
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1. first line of defense
2. fast acting (minutes) 3. non-sepcific 4. no memory for past pathogens 5. Phagocytes are activated to identify and ingest pathogens Uses physical and chemical barriers for 1st line of defense -skin, mucous membranes -provide a physical barrier and a high level of acidity Other defenses include body temp, fevers and inflammation (widening of blood vessels) |
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Adaptive immune response
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1. second line of defense (advanced/higher level)
2. slow to respond (days) 3. responds to each pathogen differently 4. remembers past pathogens Chemically mediated (humoral) -bone marrow lymphocytes (B-lymphocytes) releases chemical antibodies that bind to specific pathogens -common process for fighting bacteria Cell mediated -thymus gland lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes) attack and destroy pathogens -common process for fighting viruses and removing altered cells (cancer) |
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Antigens
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Unique proteins on the surface of a pathogen
1. phagocytes detect these antigens and will try to remove the pathogen 2. these detectors will signal lymphocytes to get involved 3. B-lymphocytes start to produce antibodies that are specific to the pathogen 4. once the antibodies are present, T-cells can destroy the pathogen |
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Immune system development
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Immune cells form around 5 weeks gestation
-system is stimulated by germs during and after birth -at 1 yr age, infants will show adult levels of immunity Passive immunity -infant receives antibodies from mom from breast milk and in utero -last a few months Passive inoculation -receiving antibodies from someone who is immune, while you are sick, and can aid recovery process |
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Vaccinations
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Expose us to antigens without making us ill
-live vaccines have low does of the true pathogen -other vaccines have inactivated versions (flu) of the pathogen, but allow our bodies to get the antigens so our body learns to produce the antibody MMR -live, attenuated doses of the diseases -Measles: could led to mental retardation or death -Mumps: sterility in adolescent males -Rubella: congenital birth defects |
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Primary immune deficiencies
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Condition in which a part of the immune system is missing or not functioning properly
-symptoms may not appear immediately IgA deficiency -most common -produce too little IgA (antibody in saliva and fluids) -increased susceptibility to colds and respiratory infections 22q11.2 deletion syndrome -associated with poor T-cell immunity due to undeveloped thymus gland -highly susceptible to infection |
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Acquired immune deficiency
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Caused by a virus or infection, or induced by a medication
HIV -most common -attacks the immune system by wiping out certain T-cells -without these cells, highly susceptible to normally harmless organisms -contact with infected blood or fluids Organ transplant medications are also immunosuppressants Chemotherapy drugs also attack the immune system |
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Autoimmune diseases
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Immune system mistakenly attack the body's own cells as if they were foreign
Lupus -most common -immune system attacks cells throughout the body -inflammation of the joints, skin and body organs -periods of illness and periods of wellness Rheumatoid arthritis -affects joints (fingers, toes, knees, elbows, wrists, ankles, hips, shoulders) |
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Allergic disorders
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Immune system overreacts to exposure to antigens in the environment
Allergies -result in swelling, inflammation and irritation of membranes -can lead to anaphylaxis (life threatening heart response) Asthma -breathing tubes in the lungs become swollen and narrowed, leading to breathing and wheezing difficulties Other -food, drug, seasonal, environmental allergies |
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Maltreatment stats
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Maltreatment is common
-younger kids are more likely to be maltreated, goes down with age -majority of maltreatment is due to neglect or multiple types (neglect & physical abuse) -most abuse related deaths come from fathers/other males -most neglect related deaths come from mothers |
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Maltreatment outcomes
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Show higher incidence of behavioral and emotional problems, including anxiety, PTSD and conduct problems
Childhood maltreatment history predicts adult psychiatric problems like major depression and anxiety -equifinality: different risk factors result in same outcome -multifinality: single risk factor results in multiple outcomes Age, duration, type/severity of abuse, identity of abuser, protective factors, genetic risk are factors for outcome also |
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Types of maltreatment
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Errors of commission
-actions against the child that can interfere with development (adding) -abuse (physical, sexual and emotional) Errors of omission -actions of failed care that can interfere with development -neglect (witnessing family violence) |
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Maltreatment- Shaken baby syndrome
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Form of child abuse in which the infant is held by the torso and shaken violently, causing whiplash due to rapid acceleration and deceleration
-2nd most common cause of infant death under 1 year of age Associated with axonal shearing (rip/cuts in white fibers) -most severe along the midline of the brain -retinal hemorrhages is another symptom |
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Maltreatment- Malnutrition
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Lack of sufficient nutrients necessary for normal functioning
-nutritional neglect is the most common neglect Failure to thrive -occurs when children are unable to take in, retain or utilize calories to grow as expected Iron deficiency -most common single nutrient deficiency -critical for brain myelination; leads to hypomyelination in animals |
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Maltreatment and stress response
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Maltreated children show significantly lower levels of morning cortisol
-greater severity of physical neglect -chronic stress Maltreated children with high levels of morning cortisol had greater severity of emotional abuse -acute stress |
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Pituitary and adrenal effects of maltreatment
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Normally, there is a pituitary response when injected with CRH
-women who were abused show a HYPERACTIVE pituitary response to CRH and dump out more ACTH Normally, there is a cortisol response from the adrenal gland when injected with ACTH -women who were abused show a BLUNTED cortisol response, suggesting adrenal insufficiency |
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Stress & hippocampus/prefrontal cortex
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Hippocampal dendritic branching (and volume) is decreased in studies of chronic immobilization stress
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Stress & amygdala/orbitofrontal cortex
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Chronic immobilization stress results in increased volume and dendritic branching in the amygdala
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Maltreatment- Total brain volume and stress
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Maltreated children show:
1. smaller overall brain volume 2. slightly larger ventricles 3. no difference in overall gray/white matter ratios 4. significantly reduced corpus callosum volume 5. overall smaller orbitofrontal cortex Differences in the limbic system (hippocampus and amygdala) for adults, but not necessarily for children Women who experienced abuse AND developed PTSD related to that abuse showed smaller hippocampal volume |
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Maltreatment- Emotion recognition
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Neglected children
-poorer at emotion recognition overall Physically abused children -better than control children at detecting anger -show a bias to call faces angry (false positives for anger) -perceived angry faces at an earlier age than control children -required more info to perceive sad expressions -show a broader, more inclusive, category for anger |
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Maltreatment- ERP response to emotional faces
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Show larger responses for maltreated children when attending to angry faces than control children (devoting more attention to angry faces)
-infants show greater activity in frontal sites to angry faces -early abuse alters ERP responses to emotional faces early in life |
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Maltreatment- Psychopathology as adaptation
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Set of physiological responses and behaviors may develop as an adaptation to one context, but create problems in another context
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Deprivation stats- Orphanages
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Deprivation in orphanages includes:
1. failure to meet basic health/nutritional needs 2. inadequate sensory and/or cognitive stimulation 3. inadequate social stimulation 4. lack of consistent, responsive caregiving relationship** -10,000-20,000 kids are adopted internationally each year -75-85% come from institutionalized care -most are female -most are less than 2 years old -most go to well-resourced families |
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Deprivation- Canalization of growth- Adoptees
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Development tends to follow and return to a normative course
-loss of 1 month of growth/2-3 months in orphanage (cortisol inhibits growth hormone) Catch-up growth -occurs at 1-1.5 times the normal rate, after adoption |
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Deprivation- Precocious puberty- Adoptees
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Continued institutionalization will delay puberty onset
Precocious puberty -puberty occurring at an early age; can be caused by early GnRH neuron activity (HPG axis) -specific to girls? -early deprivation with growth stunting and rapid catch-up growth is associated with precocious puberty |
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Outcomes for deprivation
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"Post-institutional syndrome"
1. low IQ or developmental delay 2. quasi-autistic behavior (atypical social interaction) 3. inattention/overactivity (ADHD-like) 4. attachement disorders Internalizing and externalizing disorders are equivalent rates to that of non-adopted children in childhood, but INCREASE during adolescence |
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Deprivation and stress response
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Lack of daily patterning in cortisol production while in orphanage context
Higher cortisol levels across the day 6.5 years post-adoption -levels are highest for children with the most growth stunting at adoption -most stress=more stunting=more HPA problems |
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Brain effects of early deprivation
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Prefrontal cortex volume
-both earlier and later adopted post-institutionalized children have smaller prefrontal cortex volumes Amygdala volume -studies of post-institutionalized children found enlarged amygdala volume Hippocampal volume -later adopted post-institutionalized children have the largest reduction in hippocampal volume White matter connectivity -decreased white matter connectivity in the uncinate fasiculus, a tract that connects the limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala) and frontal cortex -low white matter in this area is associated with longer duration of institutional care and increased symptoms of hyperactivity |
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Executive function in post-institutionalized children
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Rodents
-chronic immobilization stress reduces dendritic branching in the prefrontal cortex -also impairs set-shifting behavior Newly adopted children -EF performance is impaired 1 year after adoption in 2.5-4 year old post-institutionalized children Adolescents with a history of adoption -EF performance is normal in earlier adopted children, but remains impaired in later adoptees |
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Resilience
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Adaptive systems within the child, family and community that function to help children achieve appropriate development despite risk and adversity
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Deprivation- protective factors
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Differential susceptibility
-post-institutionalized children with a Met allele of the BDNF gene are more sensitive to environmental influences -high age at adoption (with Met allele) showed most ADHD like symptoms, and low adoption age showed lowest symptoms Enriched environment -animals exposed to prolonged maternal separation who grow up in an enriched environment show: 1. normal cortisol response to restraint stress 2. no evidence of anxiety on open field test |
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Intervention foster care
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Children in foster care show low AM cortisol
Intervention foster care -parents who receive training and support in sensitive caregiving, enriched environments -these children showed similar cortisol levels to the control (normal) group after 6 months |
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Differences and similarities between maltreatment and deprivation
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Early deprivation in the form of institutional care is a significant risk factor for atypical physical, cognitive and socioemotional development
LIKE maltreatment: -poor institutional care is a form of chronic, traumatic stress UNLIKE maltreatment: -institutional care is limited to an early life period, followed by environmental enrichment via adoption into a highly resourced family (intervention) |
