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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the endocrine system?
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one of two main regulatory systems (CNS)
uses hormone signals any organ that secretes a hormone into the blood belongs to the endocrine system |
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What are the three main categories of hormones?
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proteins/peptides
steriods amines all are lipophilic or hydrophilic |
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What happens when there is a neural and endocrine interaction?
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they regulate each other such
sex steriods effect behavior or milk ejection from a mother at the sound or thought of her child |
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What are the lipophilic hormones?
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all steriod hormones
made from cholesterol and include mineralcorticoids, glycocorticoids, and sex steriods also include thyroid hormones made from tyrosine and iodine |
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What are the hydrophilic hormones?
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proteins, and catecholamines = norepinephrine and epinephrine
bind to receptor on the plasma wall |
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What is the hypothalamus?
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master endocrine gland
part of the brain and helps regulate the anterior pituitary gland |
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bonus: What does the posterior pituitary gland control?
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it controls the production of the hormone antiduretic hormone or vasopressin that stimulates water retention by the kidneys. When ADH is missing the kidneys to not retain water and therefore feel the need to produce lots of urine. This ia lso why the consumption of alcohol, because it aids in inhibiting ADH, leads to frequent urination
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bonus: What does oxytoxin do?
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it is a hormone found in the posterior pituitary gland that stimulates the smooth muscles in the uterin and mammary glands that stimulate the production of milk ejection and uterin contractions before and after childbirth
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What is the pituitary gland?
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hormone regulating gland
divided into the posterior and anterior ends the posterior pituitary gland appears glandular and gets blood from portal vessels the anterior pituitary gland contains nerve endings from hypothalmic neurons |
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When is ADH released?
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animal is dehydrated = high plasma osmolarity
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What are the anterior pituitary hormones?
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trophic hormones that stimulate other endocrine hormones
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What control does the hypothalamus have over the anterior pituitary gland?
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secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones into portal blood system
regulate the anterior pituitary hormones |
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What does the thyroid gland do?
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it regulates the thyropid hormones = set metabolic rate
aids in the growth and development of the nervous system metamorphis from larvae to adult hormones contain iodine |
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Why would someone with low iodine levels of TSH thyroxine secretion hormone have a low goiter?
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because TSH stimulates growth and development
no iodine = not enough for negative feedback to alert the thryoid gland to quit secreting growth hormones |
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What is the parathyroid and what does it do?
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contains one of the two hormones necessary for life = PTH
increase Ca++ release from bone into the blood acts on kidneys to decrease the amount of Ca++ secreted in the urine |
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Where are the adrenal glands located?
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located above each kidney
composed of the inner portion or medulla and outer portion or cortex |
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What is the function of the adrenal cortex and medulla?
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adrenal medulla = secretes epinephrine in respone to flight or fight of sympathetic nervous system
adrenal cortexis = stimulates to secrete glucocorticoids by anterior pituitary hormone or ACTH and this is stimulated to regulate glucose and aldosterone that regulates blood Na+ and K+ levels |
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Whaty happens when your body is under a great deal of stress?
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there is a release of cortisol with an availability of blood glucose as the immune system is suppressed and with the release of epinephrine or adrenaline the heart rate increase, there is bronchodilation and perspiration
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Where is the pancreas located?
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adjacent to the stomach and connected to the duodenum of the small intestine by a pancreatic duct
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What are the islets of langerhans?
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small cluster of cells scattered throughout the pancreas = secrete insulin
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What is the difference between beta cells and alpha cells in their effect on blood glucose concentration?
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b cells secrete insulin and lowera the glucose level whereas glucagon scereted by the a cells raise blood glucose levels
FYI glucagon makes type 2 diabetes patients a reduced sensitivity to glucose becaus ethere is so much, another way to look at it is because there is so much glucose the cells become immune to insulin |
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What is the difference between type 2 and type 1 diabetes?
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type 1 or insulin dependent the beta cells do not produce insulin
type 2 or insulin independent the insulin is produced but the alpha cells are in insulin resistant |
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What are some other endocrine glands that haven't been talked about?
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ovaries and testes produce sex steriods that stimulate development of genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, and reproductive cycles
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What are receptor antagonists?
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mimic hormones and activate receptors
oral contraceptive by binding to the receptor without activating it and thus competint with natural hormone |
